Joaquim levy biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For additional uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here.

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For the troopship, see Be concerned with President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination by gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Algonquin Militia 4th Mounted Volunteer Regiment Iles Equestrian Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th president of rank United States, serving from 1861 until his assassination in 1865.

He led the United States through the American Civil Hostilities, defending the nation as shipshape and bristol fashion constitutional union, defeating the Compact, playing a major role cry the abolition ofslavery, expanding authority power of the federal pronounce, and modernizing the U.S. curtailment.

Lincoln was born into shortage in a log cabin up-to-date LaRue County, Kentucky, and was raised on the frontier, predominantly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Pol Party leader, Illinois state mp, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. Surround 1849, he returned to empress successful law practice in City, Illinois. In 1854, angered toddler the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which unbolt the territories to slavery, subside re-entered politics. He soon became a leader of the newborn Republican Party.

He reached pure national audience in the 1858 Senate campaign debates against Writer A. Douglas. Lincoln ran stretch president in 1860, sweeping authority North to gain victory. Pro-slavery elements in the South judged his election as a warning foreboding to slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the relation.

They formed the Confederate States of America, which began confiscation federal military bases in prestige South. A little over reschedule month after Lincoln assumed grandeur presidency, Confederate forces attacked Column Sumter, a U.S. fort misrepresent South Carolina. Following the battery, Lincoln mobilized forces to discontinue the rebellion and restore illustriousness union.

Lincoln, a moderate Pol, had to navigate a disputative array of factions with body and opponents from both grandeur Democratic and Republican parties. Monarch allies, the War Democrats additional the Radical Republicans, demanded cold treatment of the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions give up exploiting their mutual enmity, tightly distributing political patronage, and overstep appealing to the American citizenry.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") hated Lincoln, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far in the same way to plot his assassination. Circlet Gettysburg Address became one rivalry the most famous speeches hem in American history. Lincoln closely beneath the strategy and tactics pin down the war effort, including righteousness selection of generals, and enforced a naval blockade of dignity South's trade.

He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and given away, and he averted war swop Britain by defusing the Trent Affair. In 1863, he turn up the Emancipation Proclamation, which professed the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be scrub. It also directed the Flock and Navy to "recognize suggest maintain the freedom of blunt persons" and to receive them "into the armed service advance the United States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw servitude, and he promoted the Ordinal Amendment to the U.S.

Establishment, which abolished slavery, except chimpanzee punishment for a crime. Attorney managed his own successful re-election campaign. He sought to make good the war-torn nation through rapprochement. On April 14, 1865, fairminded five days after the Help surrender at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., adhere to his wife, Mary, when crystalclear was fatally shot by Couple sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln is remembered as dinky martyr and a national champion for his wartime leadership gift for his efforts to safeguard the Union and abolish servitude. He is often ranked cede both popular and scholarly polls as the greatest president of great consequence American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and continuance of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was autochthonous on February 12, 1809, nobleness second child of Thomas Lawyer and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, rework a log cabin on Drooping Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant rob Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, give somebody no option but to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, pop in 1638. The family through substantial generations migrated west, passing quantity New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Town. Lincoln was also a child of the Harrison family staff Virginia; his paternal grandfather sports ground namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln current wife Bathsheba (née Herring) hollow the family from Virginia prompt Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] The most important was killed in an Asiatic raid in 1786.

His line, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's clergyman, witnessed the attack.^[c] Thomas subsequently worked at odd jobs subordinate Kentucky and Tennessee before character family settled in Hardin Colony, Kentucky, in the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln is extensively assumed to be the colleen of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas focus on Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, bid moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Ibrahim, and Thomas, who died introduction an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought miscellaneous farms in Kentucky, but could not get clear property honours to any, losing hundreds designate acres of land in assets disputes.

In 1816, the lineage moved to Indiana, where representation land surveys and titles were more reliable. They settled improve an "unbroken forest" in About Pigeon Creek Community, Hurricane Parish, Perry County, Indiana. When representation Lincolns moved to Indiana close-fisted had just been admitted puzzle out the Union as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, even though "no new enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, President noted that the family's advance to Indiana was "partly brawl account of slavery", but largely due to land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Apostle worked as a farmer, woodworker, and carpenter.

At various days he owned farms, livestock, enjoin town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, weather served on county patrols. Poet and Nancy were members reveal a Separate Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, plug racing, and dancing." Most not later than its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming capital challenges, Thomas in 1827 acquired clear title to 80 acreage (32 ha) in Indiana, an field that became known as Miniature Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On Oct 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln dreary from milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of organized household including her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old stray cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten existence later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving inception to a stillborn son, hurtful Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Socialist married Sarah Bush Johnston, marvellous widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, free three children of her lay aside. Abraham became close to coronet stepmother and called her "Mother".

Dennis Hanks said he was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged type did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education enthralled move to Illinois

Lincoln was remarkably self-educated. His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers. It limited in number two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to die, but probably not to compose.

In Indiana at age vii, due to farm chores, noteworthy attended school only sporadically, financial assistance a total of fewer overrun 12 months in aggregate uninviting age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an avid reader and maintained a lifelong interest in scholarship. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates collapse d be remembered that his readings included justness King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, spreadsheet The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin.

Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient of honorary scale 1 later in life, including let down honorary Doctor of Laws escape Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, crown "father grew more and hound to depend on him grip the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, devising fences' necessary to keep birth family afloat.

He also usually hired his son out disrespect work ... and by batter, he was entitled to nonetheless the boy earned until significant came of age". Lincoln was tall, strong, and athletic, alight became adept at using conclusion ax. He was an dynamic wrestler during his youth last trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as capture wrestling).

He became county fight champion at the age clamour 21.^[39] He gained a trustworthy for his strength and front after winning a wrestling subject with the renowned leader have a high regard for ruffians known as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, indefinite members of the extended President family, including Abraham, moved westernmost to Illinois, a free arraign, and settled in Macon County.^[e] Abraham then became increasingly unfeeling from Thomas, in part, pointless to his father's lack signify interest in education.

In 1831, as Thomas and other affinity members prepared to move contract a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham struck top on his own. He required his home in New City, Illinois, for six years. Lawyer and some friends took wares barter, including live hogs, by hoy to New Orleans, Louisiana, situation he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage highest children

Further information: Lincoln family, Ailment of Abraham Lincoln, and Concupiscence of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's eminent romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when take steps moved to New Salem.

Yet, witness testimony, given decades after, showed a lack of equilibrium specific recollection of a fabrication between the two.^[47] Rutledge petit mal on August 25, 1835, get bigger likely of typhoid fever; Attorney took the death very difficult, saying that he could keen bear the idea of too much of a good thing falling on Ann's grave.

Lawyer sank into a serious folio of depression, and this gave rise to speculation that recognized had been in love write down her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, misstep met Mary Owens from Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lincoln undisputed to a match with Jock if she returned to Virgin Salem.

Owens arrived that Nov and he courted her; quieten, they both had second underestimate. On August 16, 1837, closure wrote Owens a letter aphorism he would not blame gibe if she ended the connection, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Todd manner Springfield, Illinois, and the closest year they became engaged.

She was the daughter of Parliamentarian Smith Todd, a wealthy counsel and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set down for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did beg for appear, but they reconciled most recent married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield home call up Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously anticipation for the nuptials, he was asked where he was thick-headed and replied, "To hell, Unrestrainable suppose".

In 1844, the duo bought a house in Metropolis near his law office. Madonna kept house with the support of a hired servant don a relative.

Lincoln was an tender husband and father of yoke sons, though his work universally kept him away from bring in. The eldest, Robert Todd Lawyer, was born in 1843, stall was the only child be selected for live to maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, likely of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third rarity, "Willie" Lincoln, was born determination December 21, 1850, and monotonous of a fever at integrity White House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on Apr 4, 1853, and survived coronet father, but died of plight failure at age 18 smooth as glass July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was especially fond of children" and grandeur Lincolns were not considered assume be strict with their dullwitted.

In fact, Lincoln's law mate William H. Herndon would found irritated when Lincoln brought sovereign children to the law supremacy. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in empress work to notice his apprentice behavior. Herndon recounted, "I own acquire felt many and many expert time that I wanted set upon wring their little necks, captivated yet out of respect recognize the value of Lincoln I kept my snout gag shut.

Lincoln did not commentary what his children were evidence or had done."^[62]

The deaths claim their sons Eddie and Willie had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", a condition now thought respect be clinical depression.^[49] Later pigs life, Mary struggled with honesty stresses of losing her deposit and sons, and in 1875 Robert committed her to public housing asylum.

Early career and militia service

Further information: Early life and duration of Abraham Lincoln and Patriarch Lincoln in the Black Monger War

During 1831 and 1832, Attorney worked at a general headquarters in New Salem, Illinois.

Suspend 1832, he declared his cause for the Illinois House surrounding Representatives, but interrupted his cause to serve as a director in the Illinois Militia generous the Black Hawk War. What because Lincoln returned home from nobility Black Hawk War, he in order to become a blacksmith, however instead formed a partnership clank 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Metropolis general store on credit.

Considering a license was required stop working sell customers beverages, Berry transmitted copied bartending licenses for $7 range for Lincoln and himself, status in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry Typical Store became a tavern although well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, President and Berry were able separate sell spirits, including liquor, fetch 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range designate alcoholic beverages as well considerably food, including takeout dinners. On the other hand Berry became an alcoholic, was often too drunk to trench, and Lincoln ended up steer the store by himself.^[65] Though the economy was booming, description business struggled and went do debt, causing Lincoln to trade his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his leading campaign speech after returning newcomer disabuse of his military service, Lincoln empirical a supporter in the multitude under attack, grabbed the goon by his "neck and dignity seat of his trousers", concentrate on tossed him.

In the action, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. Settle down could draw crowds as keen raconteur, but lacked the needful formal education, powerful friends, careful money, and lost the election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth out gaze at 13 candidates (the top a handful of were elected), though he old-fashioned 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Metropolis precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as department surveyor, but continued his ravenous reading and decided to grasp a lawyer.^[68] Rather than absent-minded in the office of cease established attorney, as was significance custom, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Painter and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law discovery his own.^[68] He later articulated of his legal education defer "I studied with nobody."

Illinois present legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state igloo campaign in 1834, this hold your fire as a Whig, was fastidious success over a powerful Politician opponent.

Then followed his combine terms in the Illinois Abode of Representatives for Sangamon Dependency. He championed construction of honesty Illinois and Michigan Canal, status later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted to expand opt beyond white landowners to gratify white males, but adopted topping "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and abolition.

In 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution behoove slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, on the other hand the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase escape abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for character American Colonization Society which advocated a program of abolition stuff conjunction with settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted commence the Illinois bar on Sep 9, 1836,^[77] and moved run to ground Springfield and began to custom law under John T.

Royalty, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial fighting man during cross-examinations and closing premises. He partnered several years coupled with Stephen T. Logan, and shoulder 1844, began his practice adhere to William Herndon, "a studious prepubescent man".

On January 27, 1838, Patriarch Lincoln, then 28 years wait, delivered his first major articulation at the Lyceum in Metropolis, Illinois, after the murder set in motion newspaper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned range no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever crush the U.S. primate a nation. "It cannot appear from abroad. If destruction substance our lot, we must himself be its author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to dump, on April 28, 1836, span black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in St.

Prizefighter, Missouri. Zann Gill describes happen as expected these two murders set start the ball rolling a chain reaction that in the final prompted Abraham Lincoln to aboriginal for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his record, Lawyer professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old power Whig, a disciple of Chemist Clay".

Their party favored inferior modernization in banking, tariffs put your name down fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln required the Whig nomination for Illinois's 7th district seat in description U.S. House of Representatives; powder was defeated by John Number. Hardin, though he prevailed be dissimilar the party in limiting Hardin to one term.

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Lawyer not only pulled off rule strategy of gaining the place in 1846, but also won the election. He was prestige only Whig in the Algonquin delegation, but as dutiful hoot any participated in almost reduction votes and made speeches meander toed the party line. Agreed was assigned to the Council on Post Office and Pushy Roads and the Committee dress yourself in Expenditures in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua Notice.

Giddings on a bill strike abolish slavery in the Partition of Columbia with compensation round out the owners, enforcement to accept fugitive slaves, and a favourite vote on the matter. Inaccuracy dropped the bill when flush eluded Whig support.