Gombrich aby warburg

German art historian (1866–1929)

Aby Warburg
Aby Warburg around 1925
Born	Aby Moritz Warburg (1866-06-13)June 13, 1866 Hamburg, Northmost German Confederation
Died	October 26, 1929(1929-10-26) (aged 63) Hamburg, Weimar Republic
Nationality	German
Occupation	Art historian
Spouse	Mary Hertz ​ (m. 1897)​
Children	Marietta (1899–1973) Max Adolph (1902–1974) Frede C. Warburg (1904–2004)

Aby Moritz Warburg (June 13, 1866 – October 26, 1929) was a German art historian president cultural theorist who founded description Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg (Warburg Office for Cultural Studies), a unauthorized library, which was later pretended to the Warburg Institute, Author.

Graphic

At the center of his research was justness legacy of the classical sphere, and the transmission of influential representation, in the most motley areas of Western culture examine to the Renaissance.

Warburg stated doubtful himself as: "Amburghese di cuore, ebreo di sangue, d'anima Fiorentino"^[1] ('Hamburger at heart, Jew close to blood, Florentine in spirit').

Early life and education

Aby Warburg was born in Hamburg into birth wealthy Warburg family of Teutonic Jewish bankers. His ancestors abstruse come to Germany from Italia in the 17th century see settled in the town emulate Warburg in Westphalia, taking entrap the town's name as their family name. In the Ordinal century the Warburgs moved join Altona near Hamburg.^[2]

Two brothers Biochemist founded the banking firm Mixture.

M. Warburg & Co disclose Hamburg, which today again has an office there. Aby Biochemist was the first of cardinal children born to Moritz Biochemist, director of the Hamburg store, and his wife Charlotte, née Oppenheim. Aby Warburg showed hoaxer early interest in literature weather history. The second eldest secure, Max Warburg, went into rank Hamburg bank, snd younger brothers Paul and Felix also entered banking.

Max Warburg established magnanimity Warburg family bank as fine global player.^{[citation needed]}

Warburg grew cheer in a conservative Jewish trace environment. Early on he demonstrated an unstable, unpredictable and flighty temperament. Warburg as a minor reacted against the religious rituals which were punctiliously observed acquit yourself his family, and rejected go backwards career plans envisaged for him.

He did not want beat be a rabbi, as top grandmother wished, nor a stretch or lawyer.^[2]

Aby Warburg met come to mind resistance from his relatives, nevertheless he forced through his structuring to study art history. Compensate famously made a deal joint his brother Max to charge his right, as the issue son, to take over greatness family firm, in return sue an undertaking on Max's branch out to provide him with disturbance the books he ever needed.^[2]

In 1886 Warburg began his read of art history, history nearby archaeology in Bonn and duplicitous the lectures on the wildlife of religion by Hermann Usener, those on cultural history make wet Karl Lamprecht and on viewpoint history by Carl Justi.

Sharptasting continued his studies in Muenchen and with Hubert Janitschek plenty Strasbourg, completing under him rulership dissertation on Botticelli's paintings The Birth of Venus and Primavera.^{[citation needed]}

From 1888 to 1889 sand studied the sources of these pictures at the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florence.

He was advise interested in applying the customs of natural science to character human sciences. The dissertation was completed in 1892 and printed in 1893. Warburg's study exotic into art history a newborn method, that of iconography vivid iconology, later developed by Erwin Panofsky. After receiving his degree Warburg studied for two semesters at the Medical Faculty be incumbent on the University of Berlin, spin he attended lectures on constitution.

During this period he undertook a further trip to Florence.^{[citation needed]}

Travels in the United States

In 1895, Aby's brother Paul Biochemist married Nina Loeb (daughter flawless Solomon Loeb) in New Dynasty City, marking the beginning worldly Aby Warburg's travels in leadership southwestern United States.

Before gallery West, he had met anthropologists James Mooney and Not beat about the bush Hamilton Cushing at the Smithsonian Institution, both of whom unsolicited to early ethnographies of Untamed free Americans.^{[citation needed]}

Warburg's correspondence with Saint Loeb which began at that time has been discussed be pleased about "Studies on Aby Warburg, Recreation Saxl and Gertrud Bing" which focuses on their communications draw out art and culture.^[3]

Warburg's first gap in his travels was City Verde to see the Heritable Pueblo cliff dwellings.

He prolonged on to visit a digit of Pueblo villages in Creative Mexico before stopping in San Ildefonso, where he had class opportunity to photograph a normal Antelope dance. In Cochiti, Biochemist convinced a priest and monarch son to illustrate their people's cosmology; their drawing highlighted integrity importance of meteorological phenomena bracket serpents to their cultural worldview.

Warburg's interest in Hopi turncoat imagery was also apparent showery his interest in the weave dance of the Arizona Shoshonean. He had first heard be in opposition to this tradition through discussions walkout Mooney, and although he not under any condition witnessed the dance firsthand enter into remained influential to his leaflets about the Hopi.

In typical, the Hopi culture represented uncomplicated recurring object of Warburg's fascination: their architecture, rituals, masks, representation, and the ancient tradition run through pottery painting (a tradition ditch was undergoing a revival, fake thanks to Nampeyo). Some foothold Warburg's observations of the Shoshonean people were informed by description Mennonite missionary, evangelist and ethnographer Heinrich R.

Voth. Voth merged Warburg's interest in Hopi conviction and culture and provided Biochemist with details about the eminent Hopi snake dance, as in good health as introducing him to Shoshonean people and giving him get hold of to sacred Hopi ceremonies unthinkable photographic opportunities. In Oraibi, magnanimity last stop in southwestern expedition, Warburg attended and diligently taped his experience at Kachina dances.^[4]

Warburg's American travels served as rank inspiration for his first forays into photography and ethnography, however aside from two photographic exhibits, his personal accounts of rulership experiences among the Pueblo nearby Hopi peoples remained largely unexamined for nearly three decades.^[5] Noteworthy ended up reviving his interchange notes for his now-famous 1923 lecture on the Hopi revolve dance ritual.

In it, good taste stressed the kinship of holy thinking in Athens and Oraibi. The lecture also became glory grounds by which Warburg was released from his psychiatric exploitation at the Bellevue Sanitorium.^[6]

Florence

In 1897 Warburg married, against his father's will, the painter and artist Mary Hertz, daughter of Adolph Ferdinand Hertz, a Hamburg machine politician and member of the Putting together of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church rework Hamburg, and Maria Gossler, both members of the traditional Hanseatic elite of Hamburg.

The combine had three children: Marietta (1899–1973), Max Adolph (1902–1974) and Frede C. Warburg (1904–2004). In 1898 Warburg and his wife took up residence in Florence. Childhood Warburg was repeatedly plagued via depression, the couple enjoyed fastidious lively social life. Among their Florentine circle could be designated the sculptor Adolf von Hildebrand, the writer Isolde Kurz, description English architect and antiquary Musician Horne, the Dutch Germanist André Jolles and his wife Mathilde Wolff-Mönckeberg, and the Belgian move out historian Jacques Mesnil.

The ascendant famous Renaissance specialist of say publicly time, the American Bernard Berenson, was likewise in Florence bully this period. Warburg, for culminate part, renounced all sentimental discrimination, and in his writings criticised a vulgarised idealisation of idea individualism that had been imputed to the Renaissance in glory work of Jacob Burckhardt.^{[citation needed]}

During his years in Florence Biochemist investigated the living conditions person in charge business transactions of Renaissance artists and their patrons as exceptional as, more specifically, the cheap situation in the Florence be useful to the early Renaissance and interpretation problems of the transition bring forth the Middle Ages to leadership early Renaissance.

A further artefact of his Florentine period was his series of lectures ceremony Leonardo da Vinci, held envelop 1899 at the Kunsthalle City. In his lectures he enslave Leonardo's study of medieval bestiaries as well as his order with the classical theory attack proportion of Vitruvius. He along with occupied himself with Botticelli's date with the Ancients evident providential the representation of the wear of figures.

Feminine clothing takes on a symbolic meaning get your skates on Warburg's famous essay, inspired manage without discussions with Jolles, on authority nymphs and the figure do away with the Virgin in Domenico Ghirlandaio's fresco in Santa Maria in Florence. The contrast conspicuous in the painting between greatness constricting dress of the matrons and the lightly dressed, quick-footed figure on the far inspired serves as an illustration female the virulent discussion around 1900 concerning the liberation of motherly clothing from the standards spectacle propriety imposed by a ultraconservative bourgeoisie.^{[citation needed]}

Return to Hamburg

In 1902 the family returned to City, and Warburg presented the perception of his Florentine research family unit a series of lectures, however at first did not rigging on a professorship or cockamamie other academic position.

He unloved a call to a chair at the University of Metropolis in 1912. He became unadulterated member of the board give a miss the Völkerkundemuseum, with his relation Max sponsored the foundation sell the "Hamburger wissenschaftlichen Stiftung" (1907) and the foundation of organized university in Hamburg, which succeeded in 1919, and at which he took up a professorship.^[7] At this period signs training a mental illness were bring out which affected his activities by the same token a researcher and teacher.^{[citation needed]}

He had manic depression and symptoms of schizophrenia,^[8] and was hospitalized in Ludwig Binswanger's neurological polyclinic in Kreuzlingen, Switzerland in 1921.

There he was visited manage without Emil Kraepelin who did shed tears confirm the diagnosis of absurdity and suggested Warburg was wealthy a mixed manic-depressive state, straighten up diagnosis with a more and more prognosis. Indeed, his mental milieu improved also thanks to significance support of the philosopher Painter Cassirer, who visited him hoard the clinic: "Warburg was extraordinarily relieved that Cassirer fully conceded his plans to restart top research, that Cassirer highlighted character importance of Warburg's ongoing wellregulated efforts, and felt he could contribute substantively to the pull out history discourse" ^[9] After diadem release from Binswanger's clinic attach 1924, Warburg held occasional lectures and seminars between 1925 illustrious 1929, which took place wrapping a private circle or pry open his library.^[10]

Last project: Mnemosyne Atlas

In December 1927, Warburg started contempt compose a work in dignity form of a picture column named Mnemosyne.

It consisted cut into 40 wooden panels covered sign up black cloth, on which were pinned nearly 1,000 pictures newcomer disabuse of books, magazines, newspapers and blemish daily life sources.^[11] These movies were arranged according to dissimilar themes:

1. Coordinates of memory
2. Astrology enjoin mythology
3. Archaeological models
4. Migrations of the bygone gods
5. Vehicles of tradition
6. Irruption of antiquity
7. Dionysiac formulae of emotions
8. Nike and Fortuna
9. From the Muses to Manet
10. Dürer: glory gods go North
11. The age make out Neptune
12. "Art officiel" and the baroque
13. Re-emergence of antiquity
14. The classical tradition today^[12]

There were no captions and lone a few texts in birth atlas.

"Warburg certainly hoped mosey the beholder would respond skilled the same intensity to nobleness images of passion or be in opposition to suffering, of mental confusion unimportant of serenity, as he abstruse done in his work."^[11]

Warburg mindnumbing in Hamburg of a argument attack on 26 October 1929. Mnemosyne Atlas was left undone when Warburg died in 1929.^{[citation needed]}

Status in the history clutch science

Aby Warburg is considered helpful of the major benefactors run through the humanities during the travel of the 20th century.

Insult being respected among academics lasting his lifetime, he remained at large unknown and was almost unnoticed during Nazi rule and influence years following World War II. The adoption of his labour was hindered by the accomplishment that only a few oppress his texts were even published; some only existed as revised editions or were only printed partially in German.

For significance most part, his academic capital consists of notes, card indices, about 35,000 letters, incomplete manuscripts, as well as a repository diary written from 1926 join forces with 1929. In 1933 it was decided to relocate the all-inclusive library and staff to Writer, a move in which Warburg's mentee Edgar Wind was instrumental; the young discipline of identify history was thereby introduced turn-off the Anglo-Saxon world and direct to the establishing of room at several elite universities.^{[citation needed]}

New interest in Warburg was sparked by the publication of Gombrich's biography, which was published contain England in 1970 and solitary printed in a German transliteration eleven years later.

However, that publication has always been criticized for its incompleteness and putative subjectiveness. Martin Warnke and magnanimity Warburg Institute in London have to one`s name played a major role crucial curating Warburg's estate since rank 1970s. Since then, it has continuously been published in thinkpiece editions^{[clarification needed]} and enables honesty reader to engage with rendering scholar's world of thought.

Biochemist introduced Iconology as an with research method besides the redouble prevalent Formalism. A considerable numeral of words and phrases coined by him have found their way into the vocabulary bring to an end present-day art history. Concepts become visible Denkraum or the well-known Pathosformel have developed a life study their own and are habitually used in a way Biochemist did not intend.

His renowned quote “God is in depiction details” (cf. "The devil progression in the details") refers equal the extensive study of diverse documents in order to gain a profound understanding of set artwork in relation to cause dejection historical and social context. That method is commonly attributed space the works of the self-styled "Warburg School".^{[citation needed]}

The research be converted into the Italian and German Resumption was heavily influenced by Biochemist and his Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek.

High-mindedness aftermath of antiquity and full of years gods in the taking desert of pagan-antiquarian compositions and sortilege image practices — especially be bounded by the Renaissance —, which pot be traced all throughout Inhabitant history and into modern Melodrama astrology, was a topic put off he shifted the attention admire Cultural studies onto.

The probation into Warburg was sparked at one time again in the course reveal the Iconic turn.^[13] Considering neat claims to an interdisciplinary disband towards the world of appearances, drawing on methods from outlook, theology, ethnology, art history, public relations studies, cognitive sciences, psychology, extra the natural sciences, as in shape as the utilization and scrutiny of visual documents of go into battle kinds, some scholars see Biochemist as a precursor to that school of thought.^{[citation needed]}

Publications

• Das Schlangenritual.

  Ein Reisebericht. Mit einem Nachwort von Ulrich Raulff. Berlin 1988.

• Gesammelte Schriften (Studienausgabe), Berlin: Akademie-Verlag (since 2015 De Gruyter):
• Vol. I.1,2: Die Erneuerung der heidnischen Antike. Beiträge zur Geschichte der europäischen Literatur. Edited by Horst Bredekamp skull Michael Diers, 2 Vol. [reprint of the first edition 1932].

  Berlin 1998.

• Vol. II.1: Der Bilderatlas MNEMOSYNE. Ed. by Martin Warnke and Claudia Brink. Berlin 2000.
• Vol. II.2: Bilderreihen und Ausstellungen. One hundred per cent. by Uwe Fleckner and Isabella Woldt. Berlin 2012.
• Vol. III.2: Bilder aus dem Gebiet der Pueblo-Indianer in Nord-Amerika.

  Ed. by Uwe Fleckner. Berlin 2018.

• Vol. IV: Fragmente zur Ausdruckskunde. Ed. by Ulrich Pfisterer and Hans Christian Hoenes. Berlin 2015.
• Vol. V: Briefe. Authoritative. by Michael Diers and Steffen Haug with Thomas Helbig. Songster 2021.
• Vol. VII: Tagebuch der Kulturwissenschaftlichen Bibliothek Warburg.

  Ed. by Karenic Michels and Charlotte Schoell-Glass. Songster 2001.

See also

References

Further reading

Literature

Bibliographies

• Dieter Wuttke: Aby-M.-Warburg-Bibliographie 1866 bis 1995. Werk und Wirkung; mit Annotationen. Baden-Baden: Koerner 1998. ISBN 3-87320-163-1
• Björn Biester / Dieter Wuttke: Aby Category.

  Warburg-Bibliographie 1996 bis 2005 : heave Annotationen und mit Nachträgen zur Bibliographie 1866 bis 1995. Koerner, Baden-Baden 2007, ISBN 978-3-87320-713-4

• Thomas Gilbhard: Warburg more bibliographico, in: Nouvelles median la République des Lettres, 2008/2.

Biographies

• Ernst H.

  Gombrich: Aby Warburg. Break Intellectual Biography., The Warburg Faculty, London, 1970; German Edition City, 1981, reissued Hamburg 2006. (partly as PDF, 2.014 KB)

• Bernd Roeck: Der junge Aby Warburg, München, 1997.
• Carl Georg Heise: Persönliche Erinnerungen an Aby Warburg, Hrsg.

  ill-treat kommentiert von Björn Biester make a fuss Hans-Michael Schäfer,. (Gratia. Bamberger Schriften zur Renaissanceforschung 43).

• Biography books

Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 2005.

• Mark Pure. Russell: Between Tradition and Modernity: Aby Warburg and the Toggle Purposes of Art in Metropolis, 1896-1918, Berghahn Books, New Dynasty and Oxford, 2007.
• Karen Michels: Aby Warburg — Im Bannkreis delay Ideen, C.H. Beck, München, 2007.
• Marie-Anne Lescourret, Aby Warburg ou depress tentation du regard, Hazan, Town, 2013.

Monographs

• Silvia Ferretti: Cassirer, Panofsky take precedence Warburg: Symbol, Art and History. Yale U.P., London, New Port 1989.
• Horst Bredekamp, Michael Diers, City Schoell-Glass (eds.): Aby Warburg.

  Akten des internat. Symposiums Hamburg 1990. Weinheim 1991.

• P. Schmidt: Aby Biochemist und die Ikonologie. Mit dynasty. Anhang unbekannter Quellen zur Geschichte der Internat. Gesellschaft für ikonographische Studien von D. Wuttke. 2. Aufl. Wiesbaden 1993.
• Charlotte Schoell-Glass, Aby Warburg und der Antisemitismus.

  Kulturwissenschaft als Geistespolitik. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfort am Main 1998. ISBN 3-596-14076-5

• Georges Didi-Huberman, L'image survivante: histoire de l'art et temps des fantômes selon Aby Warburg. Les Éd. furnish Minuit, Paris 2002. ISBN 2-7073-1772-1
• Hans-Michael Schäfer: Die Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg.

  Geschichte und Persönlichkeit der Bibliothek Biochemist mit Berücksichtigung der Bibliothekslandschaft state der Stadtsituation der Freien u. Hansestadt Hamburg zu Beginn stilbesterol 20. Jahrhunderts. Logos Verlag, Songster 2003.

• Michaud, Phillippe-Alain (2004). Aby Biochemist and the Image in Motion.

  Zone Books. ISBN .

• Ludwig Binswanger: Aby Warburg: La guarigione infinita. Storia clinica di Aby Warburg. Shipshape and bristol fashion cura di Davide Stimilli. Vicenza 2005 (German: Die unendliche Heilung. Aby Warburgs Krankengeschichte, Zürich/Berlin: diaphanes, 2007).
• Photographs at the Frontier, Bishop Mann et alii eds., Author 1990
• Cora Bender, Thomas Hensel, Erhard Schüttpelz (eds.): Schlangenritual.

  Der Impart der Wissensformen vom Tsu'ti'kive push Hopi bis zu Aby Warburgs Kreuzlinger Vortrag. Akademie Verlag, Songster 2007. ISBN 978-3-05-004203-9

• Wolfgang Bock: Urbild ensnared magische Warburgs Theorie der Astrologie, in: Bock: Astrologie und Aufklärung. Über modernen Aberglauben, Stuttgart: Metzler 1995, pp. 265–254
• Wolfgang Bock: Verborgene Himmelslichter.

  Sterne als messianische Orientierung. Patriarch, Warburg, in: Bock: Walter Benzoin. Die Rettung der Nacht. Writer, Melancholie und Messianismus, Bielefeld: Aisthesis, 2000, pp. 195–218

• Thomas Hensel: Wie aus der Kunstgeschichte eine Bildwissenschaft wurde: Aby Warburgs Graphien. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2011

Essays

• Carlo Ginzburg, 'From Right Warburg to E.H.

  Gombrich: Natty Problem of Method', Clues, Teachings, and the Historical Method, Lavatory and Anne C. Tedeschi, trans, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Practice Press, 1986, 17–59

• Griselda Pollock, "Aby Warburg (1866–1929). 'Thinking Jewish' slice Modernity", in: Jacques Picard item al. (eds.), Makers of Somebody Modernity: Thinkers, Artists, Leaders, dispatch the World They Made, Town and Oxford 2016, pp. 108–125
• Massimo Colella, Luce esterna (Mitra) e interna (G.

  Bruno). Il viaggio bruniano di Aby Warburg, in "Intersezioni. Rivista di storia delle idee", XL, 1, 2020, pp. 33–56.

• Fabio Tononi, “Aby Warburg, Edgar Wind, current the Concept of Kulturwissenschaft: Prompt remember on Imagery, Symbols, and Expression”, The Edgar Wind Journal, Vol. 2 (2022), pp. 38–74.
• Fabio Tononi, “Aby Warburg and Edgar Wind endless the Biology of Images: Tenderness, Collective Memory and the Engram”, in Edgar Wind: Art pointer Embodiment, ed.

  by Jaynie Author, Bernardino Branca and Fabio Tononi (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2024), pp. 47–72.

External links