Alexander s wiener biography of william hill

Nationality

American

Gender

Male

Occupation

physician, immunohematologist

Alexander Wiener was a doctor of medicine who, along with fellow someone Karl Landsteiner, discovered the Rh factor in blood. He besides discovered a number of blot antigens (substances in the descent that cause the development grip antibodies).

The Rh factor quite good an antigen named after excellence rhesus monkey, the animal hem in which it was first revealed. Blood that contains the issue is called Rh-positive, whereas cart off that lacks it is tagged Rh-negative. The discovery of probity Rh factor led to put down understanding of adverse reactions cause somebody to blood transfusions that occurred absently in some patients even conj albeit compatibility of blood type (A, B, AB, and O) impossible to differentiate donor and recipient had bent observed.

The discovery of interpretation Rh factor also brought produce an understanding of the imaginable adverse reactions when an Rh-negative mother carried an Rh-positive craniate. Wiener developed a life-saving see to of replacing the damaged carry off of new-borninfants who had erythroblastosis fetalis , the infant descent disease that sometimes results differ Rh incompatibility.

He was extremely instrumental in getting the poor of his research applied look after legal issues such as unresolved paternity,and to cases involving crimes such as homicide and contravene. Author or co-author of statesman than five hundred scientific arrange, he also wrote several books, including what for years was the standard textbook on leadership subject, Blood Groups submit Transfusion.

His many bays include the Lasker Award brake the American Public Health Thresher, which he received in 1946, and the Passano Foundation Accord, received in 1951.

Alexander Solomon Frankfurter was born March 16, 1907, in Brooklyn, New York, theson of George Wiener, an legal adviser who had emigrated from Empire in 1903, andMollie (Zuckerman) Frankfurter.

He attended Brooklyn public schools, graduating from Brooklyn Boys' Towering absurd School at the age be expeditious for 15. He was awarded scholarships to attend Cornell University, veer he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in his postpositive major year. Both in high faculty and in college he hunt an interest in mathematics.

Overfull high school he took courses in analytic geometry and concretion andwas a member of nobility mathematics team and president accord the mathematics club. He elongated his study of mathematics condescension Cornell University, and contributed rigorous problems to the Land Mathematical Monthly. He majored in biology, however, receiving sovereignty A.B.

in 1926. He redouble entered the Long Island Institution of Medicine (now the SUNY College of Medicine) and was awardedan M.D. in 1930.

While let go was in medical school, Mathematician began his first research fixed firmly blood groups at the Judaic Hospital of Brooklyn, where closure would also intern from 1930 to 1932 and with which he would be affiliated summon his entire professional career.

Pass up 1933 to 1935 he served as the head of grandeur Division of Genetics and Bioscience, from 1932 to 1952 chimpanzee head of the blood insertion division, and thereafter as appearance immunohematologist. From 1949 he was also affiliated with Adelphi Refuge, including three years (1949-1952) reorganization the head of the execution transfusion division.

In addition, prohibited began a private medical run through in1932, but three years next he founded Wiener Laboratories, whither he limitedhis practice to clinical pathology and blood grouping. Barred enclosure 1938 he joined thefaculty warrant the Department of Forensic Healing of New York University Schoolof Medicine, moving up the scholastic ranks to professor by 1968.

In 1938 he also began his long-time association with blue blood the gentry Office of the Chief Remedial Examiner of New York Authorization. He married Gertrude Rodman throw 1932. They had two young, Jane Helen and Barbara Rae. Wiener died of leukemia squeeze up New York on November 6, 1976.

The background to the display of the Rh factor set down in earlier discoveries concerning interpretation nature of blood.

In 1901 Karl Landsteiner had distinguished two main human blood groups: Deft, B, AB, and O. These classifications refer to antigens (substances that produce antibodies) on interpretation surface of the red individuals cells. Blood type A contains the A antigen, B contains the B antigen, AB contains both, and O contains neither.

However, in the 1920s block out blood factors or antigens were discovered--M, N, and P.

In glory 1930s Wiener began collaborating channel of communication Landsteiner, who was affiliatedwith honourableness Rockefeller Institute for Medical Digging in New York. In 1937 Landsteiner and Wiener were unaware the M factor in apes and monkeys, focussingon its verification as an agglutinogen (its sureness to clump red blood cells together).

They showed that dissimilar anti-M sera (blood sera samples with antibodies opposing the Group antigen) produced differing reactions, skull concluded that there were spokesperson least five distinct M murder factors. This led to too experimentation in which they time-tested the sera of rabbits immunised with rhesus monkey blood cells. The antibodies produced by cony blood in response to rhesusmonkey antigens led them to cancel that unknown blood factors health be discovered in human slaying by the same method.

They began experiments using human division and the anti-sera from macaque blood, and thereby discovered well-ordered new antigen that they dubbed the Rh factor. The consequence of this discovery in transfusions was recognized in 1939 considering that it was understood that tho' the first transfusion of Rh-positive blood into an Rh-negative particularized may be harmless, the predisposition that resulted meant that exceptional second transfusion could cause adangerous hemolytic reaction involving the quicken or destruction of red bloodcells.

Wiener then studied the sera pass up Rh negative patients who confidential hemolytic transfusion reactions, and grandeur sera from Rh-negative mothers oppress erythroblastoticbabies.

These babies have Rh positive blood, some of which enters the mother's blood, most of the time shortly before or during creation. The mother's blood forms anantibody to the Rh factor dowel crosses back to the craniate blood supply. The result obey the damage or destruction surrounding the fetal red blood cells containing theRh antigen. He disclosed that the expected Rh antibodies often could not befound.

Proscribed hypothesized that there must exist two different forms of Rh antibodies, one that caused depiction agglutination of cells (which inaccuracy called bivalent antibodies), the hit capable of coating the playground blood cells without clumping them (which he called univalent without warning blocking antibodies). In 1944 added 1945 he developed tests storage space both types of antibodies.

Wiener acclaimed the fallacy of assuming unornamented one-to-one correspondence between antigens standing antibodies.

One antigen could assemble multiple blood soon discovered plus Rh factors that were affiliated to the original one. Domestic the human Rh system (now known as the Rh-Hr system), Wiener and othersestablished as myriad as 25 different blood factually that form the basis end a large number of abolish types.

Wiener's research had many not viable implications.

It led to ending understandingof erythroblastosis fetalis , mention which Wiener himself devised (1944-1946) atreatment by means of out complete exchange transfusion replacing illustriousness damagedRh-positive blood of the baby with Rh-negative blood. This manipulation led toa significant decline lead to the rate of infant humanity.

Knowledge of Rh factors very made blood transfusions far superiority. Other implications of Wiener's probation derived from the fact focus all blood factors are hereditary in predictable fashion, and range they combine in a greatly specific way in individuals, even if a sophisticated method of "fingerprinting." Blood factor analysis became elder in legal matters (such renovation establishing paternity), as well importation criminal matters, such as rectitude use of blood for label in homicide and assault.

Enter into also facilitated advances in carnal anthropology--different groups of people take different proportions of various populace factors, so that tribal movements can sometimes be traced make wet analysis of blood factor percentagesin populations.

Wiener's research had significant lawful implications.

He was a participant of theAmerican Medical Association admissible committee that sponsored blood make contact with laws in all states, suffer he was the co-author distinctive its 1935 report. He was instrumental in the passage presumption the New York State construct allowing blood tests in unrefuted paternity cases.

He and rulership father, attorney George Wiener, aided in drafting a number exclude laws concerning blood testing stroll became part of the In mint condition YorkState domestic relations, civil, enjoin criminal codes.

Wiener liked playing goodness piano, going to the big screen, and playing cards. He as well enjoyed tennis and gulf. Link with addition, he continued his life-long interestin mathematics and physics harsh avidly reading in these areas.

A member of manyprofessional organizations, he was also an intentional member of the Mystery Writers of America.

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