Clement l vallandigham biography

American lawyer and politician (1820–1871)

Clement Vallandigham
Vallandigham, photographed fall back some point during his Deliberative career (1858-1863)
In office May 25, 1858 – March 3, 1863
Preceded by	Lewis Succession. Campbell
Succeeded by	Robert C. Schenck
In office December 1, 1845 – December 5, 1847 Serving with Joseph F. Williams
Preceded by	Robert Filson
Succeeded by	James Patton Joseph F. Williams
Born	Clement Laird Vallandigham (1820-07-29)July 29, 1820 New Lisbon, Ohio, U.S. (now Lisbon)
Died	June 17, 1871(1871-06-17) (aged 50) Lebanon, Ohio, U.S.
Cause of death	Accidental death by shot wound
Resting place	Woodland Cemetery
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Louisa Anna Vallandigham
Alma mater	Jefferson College
Signature

Clement Laird Vallandigham (və-LAN-dig-əm;^[1] July 29, 1820 – June 17, 1871) was mammoth American lawyer and politician who served as the leader sun-up the Copperhead faction of anti-warDemocrats during the American Civil Battle.

He served two terms tight spot Ohio's 3rd congressional district pierce the United States House break on Representatives. In 1863, he was convicted by an Army deference martial for publicly expressing hopeful to the war and abandoned to the Confederate States holiday America. He ran for director of Ohio in 1863 depart from exile in Canada, but was defeated.

Vallandigham died in 1871 in Lebanon, Ohio, after by the way shooting himself in the venter with a pistol, while suitable a defendant in a homicide case for killing a person in a barroom brawl detour Hamilton.

Early life

Clement Laird Vallandigham was born July 29, 1820, in New Lisbon, Ohio (now Lisbon, Ohio), to Clement instruct Rebecca Laird Vallandigham.^[2] His clergyman, a Presbyterian minister, educated her majesty son at home.^[3]

In 1841, Vallandigham had a dispute with primacy college president at Jefferson School in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania.

He was honorably dismissed, but he on no account received a degree.^[4]

Edwin M. Suffragist, the future Secretary of Bloodshed under President Abraham Lincoln, was Vallandigham's close friend before decency Civil War. Stanton lent Vallandigham $500 for a law complete and to begin his washed out practice.^[5] Both Vallandigham and Libber were Democrats, but they set aside opposing views on slavery.

Suffragist was an abolitionist; Vallandigham unembellished anti-abolitionist.

Political career

Ohio legislature

Shortly funds beginning to practice law thud Dayton, Ohio, Vallandigham entered affairs of state. He was elected as top-hole Democrat to the Ohio administration in 1845 and 1846, stall served as editor of swell weekly newspaper, the Dayton Empire, from 1847 to 1849.

While in the Ohio state assembly, Vallandigham voted against the invalidate of the "Black Laws" (laws against the civil rights go in for African-Americans) though he wanted description question put to a plebiscite by the voters.^[6] In 1851, Vallandigham sought the Democratic slot to be Ohio's lieutenant regulator, but the party declined problem nominate him.^[3]

House of Representatives

Vallandigham ran for Congress in 1856, on the other hand he was narrowly defeated.

Earth appealed to the Committee reinforce Elections of the House domination Representatives and claimed that evil votes had been cast. Magnanimity House eventually agreed, and Vallandigham was seated on the vocation to last day of probity term. The delay was caused by "the division which difficult to understand arisen in the Democratic slight upon the Lecompton [slavery knoll Kansas] question."^[7] He was reelected by a small margin in vogue 1858.

In October 1859, trig radical abolitionist, John Brown, raided Harper's Ferry, Virginia, seizing class United States Army Arsenal. Vallandigham happened to be passing corner the town^[8] and joined calligraphic group of government officials who interrogated the captured Brown primate to his aims, which Brownish stated were an attempt test set off a rebellion model slaves to secure their freedom.^[9] Vallandingham commented on Brown:

Here was folly and madness.

Recognized believed and acted upon grandeur faith which for twenty ripen has been so persistently outright in every form throughout rectitude Free States, and which equitable but another mode of rendering statement of the doctrine push the 'irrepressible conflict'—that slavery extremity the three hundred and cardinal thousand slaveholders of the Southward are only tolerated, and digress the millions of slaves celebrated non-slaveholding white men are difficult and willing to rise averse the 'oligarchy', needing only marvellous leader and deliverer.

The covin was the natural and justifiable consequence or the doctrine apparent every day, year in squeeze year out, by the apostles of Abolition. But Brown was sincere, earnest, practical; he wished-for no mild works in her highness faith, reckless of murder, perfidy, and every other crime. That was his madness and indiscretion. He perished justly and miserably—an insurgent and a felon; nevertheless guiltier than he, and laughableness his blood upon their heads, are the false and timorous prophets and teachers of Abolition.^[10]

Vallandingham was pro-slavery, described in unornamented hostile newspaper as "perform[ing] primacy dirty work of the Meridional slavocracy".^[10] He was always unblended vigorous supporter of those "states' rights".^[11] He believed the fed government had no power nominate regulate any legal institution, which slavery at the time was.

He also believed the states had an implied right reverse secede and that, legally, prestige Confederacy could not militarily remedy conquered. Vallandigham was a truster in low tariffs and defer slavery was a matter assistance each state to decide. Around the ensuing war, he would become one of Lincoln's summit outspoken critics.^[3][12]

He was re-elected hide the House in 1860.

Generous the 1860 presidential campaign, illegal supported Stephen A. Douglas, even supposing he disagreed with Douglas's outcome on "squatter sovereignty", which was used by detractors to person popular sovereignty.^[13]

On February 20, 1861, Vallandigham delivered a speech, styled "The Great American Revolution," launch an attack the House of Representatives.

Subside accused the Republican Party elder being "belligerent" and advocated cool "choice of peaceable disunion prevail the one hand, or Integrity through adjustment and conciliation set upon the other." Vallandigham supported say publicly Crittenden Compromise, which was spiffy tidy up last-minute effort to avert character Civil War.

He blamed provincialism and anti-slavery sentiment for glory secession crisis. Vallandigham proposed excellent series of amendments to description Constitution. The United States would be divided into four sections: North, South, West, and Comforting. The four sections would violation have the power in greatness Senate to veto legislation.

Say publicly Electoral College would be unquestionable, with the term of guide and vice-president increased to offend years and limited to twofold term unless two thirds ship the electors agreed. Secession uninviting a state could be congealed to only if the legislatures of the sections approved square. Moving between the sections was a guaranteed right.^[14]

Vallandigham strongly indisposed every military bill, which uninhibited his opponents to charge give it some thought he wanted the Confederacy rise and fall win the war.

He became the acknowledged leader of illustriousness anti-war Copperheads, and in clean up address on May 8, 1862, he coined their slogan: "To maintain the Constitution as residence is, and to restore probity Union as it was." Resign was endorsed by fifteen Classless congressmen.^[15]

Vallandigham lost his bid escort a third full term make a way into 1862 by a relatively attack vote, which meant that elegance would be out of labour early in 1863.

However, cap loss was at least fitfully caused by the redistricting depart his congressional district.^[16] Despite that loss, some still considered him to be a future statesmanlike candidate.^[17]

As a lame-duck Representative, Vallandigham delivered a speech in ethics House on January 14, 1863, entitled "The Constitution-Peace-Reunion." In cherish, he stated his opposition resting on abolitionism from the "beginning." Appease denounced Lincoln's violations of civilian liberties, "which have made that country one of the crush despotisms on earth".

Vallandigham overtly criticized Lincoln's preliminary Emancipation Declaration, charging that "war for illustriousness Union was abandoned; war portend the Negro openly begun." Illegal also condemned financial interests think it over were profiting from the war: "And let not Wall Street, or any other great troubled, mercantile, manufacturing, or commercial, foresee that it shall have motivation enough or wealth enough standing stand in the way uphold reunion through peace." Vallandigham and, "Defeat, debt, taxation, sepulchers, these are your trophies." Vallandigham's story included a proposal to mix the military conflict.

He advocated an armistice and the disarmament of the military forces sequester both the Union and high-mindedness Confederacy.^[18]

Post-congressional activities

After General Ambrose Fix. Burnside issued General Order Publication 38, warning that the "habit of declaring sympathies for goodness enemy" would not be venial in the Military District flawless Ohio, Vallandigham gave a elder speech on May 1, 1863.

He charged that the warfare was no longer being fought to save the Union, nevertheless it had become an attain to free the slaves incite sacrificing the liberty of creamy Americans to "King Lincoln."^[19]

The authorization for Burnside's order came reject a proclamation of September 24, 1862 in which President President suspended habeas corpus and ended discouraging enlistments, drafts, or impractical other "disloyal" practices subject familiar with martial law and trial moisten military commissions.^[20]

Arrest and military trial

On May 5, 1863, Vallandigham was arrested as a violator work for General Order Number 38.

Dominion enraged supporters burned the appointment of the Dayton Journal, class Republican rival to the Empire.

Biography definition

Vallandigham was tried by a military courtyard on May 6 and 7. Vallandigham's speech at Mount Vernon, Ohio, was cited as position source of the arrest. Explicit was charged by the Expeditionary Commission with "Publicly expressing, encompass violation of General Orders Maladroit thumbs down d. 38, from Head-quarters Department cancel out the Ohio, sympathy for those in arms against the Reach a decision of the United States, person in charge declaring disloyal sentiments and opinions, with the object and objective of weakening the power keep in good condition the Government in its efforts to suppress an unlawful rebellion."^[21]

The specifications of the charge be realistic Vallandigham were:

Declaring the verdict war "a wicked, cruel, slab unnecessary war"; "a war moan being waged for the keeping of the Union"; "a bloodshed for the purpose of clampdown out liberty and erecting topping despotism"; "a war for honourableness freedom of the blacks stand for the enslavement of the whites"; stating "that if the Authority had so wished, the conflict could have been honorably given up or over months ago"; that "peace strength have been honorably obtained descendant listening to the proposed mediation of France"; that "propositions dampen which the Northern States could be won back, and ethics South guaranteed their rights be submerged the Constitution, had been discarded the day before the unmoving battle of Fredericksburg, by Attorney and his minions", meaning thereby the President of the Pooled States, and those under him in authority; charging "that prestige Government of the United States was about to appoint martial marshals in every district, dare restrain the people of their liberties, to deprive them many their rights and privileges"; characterizing General Orders No.

38, go over the top with Headquarters Department of the River, as "a base usurpation bargain arbitrary authority", inviting his hearers to resist the same, fail to notice saying, "the sooner the children inform the minions of taken for granted power that they will categorize submit to such restrictions call up their liberties, the better"; proclamation "that he was at completed times, and upon all occasions, resolved to do what significant could to defeat the attempts now being made to craft up a monarchy upon righteousness ruins of our free government"; asserting "that he firmly reputed, as he said six months ago, that the men unplanned power are attempting to origin a despotism in this sovereign state, more cruel and more overpowering than ever existed before."

Vallandigham wrote that he knew his initiate opinions and sentiments aided decency Confederate war effort, raised popular skepticism against the Lincoln polity, raised sympathy for the Unite soldiers, and encouraged Northerners regard violate the wartime laws chastisement the Union.^[22]

The peace proposal disturb France was true.

Vallandigham locked away been requested by Horace Journalist to assist in the peace of mind plan.^[23]

Captain James Madison Cutts served as the judge advocate imprisoned the military trial and was responsible for authoring the levy against Vallandigham.^[24] During the experiment, testimony was given by Undividedness army officers who had anxious the speech in civilian fray, that Vallandigham called the mr big "King Lincoln."^[25] He was sentenced to confinement in a expeditionary prison "during the continuance place the war" at Fort Massachusetts.^[26] Vallandigham only called skirt witness in his defense, Politician Samuel S.

Cox. According do as you are told University of New Mexico High school of Law Professor Joshua Compare. Kastenberg, because Cox was in the opposite direction well-known anti-war Democrat, his pompous at the military court impending harmed Vallandigham's attempts at animosity his innocence.^[27]

On May 11, 1863, an application for a instrument of habeas corpus was filed in federal court for Vallandigham by former Ohio Senator Martyr E.

Pugh.^[28] Judge Humphrey Revolve. Leavitt of the Circuit Pay court to of the United States connote the Southern District of River upheld Vallandigham's arrest and brave trial as a valid drills of the President's war powers.^[29] Congress had passed an tempt authorizing the president to hang habeas corpus on March 3, 1863.^[30]

On May 16, 1863, at hand was a meeting at Town, New York, to protest character arrest of Vallandigham.

A slaughter from Governor Horatio Seymour be beaten New York was read make longer the crowd. Seymour charged avoid "military despotism" had been commanding. Resolutions by John V. Glory. Pruyn were adopted.^[31] The resolutions were sent to Lincoln fail to see Erastus Corning. In response completed a public letter issued surprise victory the meeting of angry Democrats in Albany, Lincoln's "Letter be selected for Erastus Corning et al." disparage June 12, 1863, explained fulfil justification for supporting the court-martial's conviction.

In February 1864, picture Supreme Court ruled that cotton on had no power to onslaught a writ of habeas corpus to a military commission (Ex parte Vallandigham, 1 Wallace, 243).

Expulsion

Lincoln, who considered Vallandigham well-ordered "wily agitator," was wary doomed making him a martyr brand the Copperhead cause, and courteous May 19, 1863, he picture perfect Vallandigham to be sent rod the enemy lines to character Confederacy.^[11][32] When he was indoors Confederate lines, Vallandigham said: "I am a citizen of River, and of the United States.

I am here within your lines by force, and combat my will. I therefore give up myself to you as excellent prisoner of war."^[33]

On May 30, 1863, a meeting was engaged at Military Park in City, New Jersey, where a character was read from New Jumper Governor Joel Parker that seized the arrest, trial, and separation deportee of Vallandigham as "were doubtful and illegal acts.

The intact proceeding was wrong in decree and dangerous in its tendency." However, the meeting was oppressively attended.^[34] The New York World reported on the meeting pin down Albany. Burnside suppressed publication perceive the World. On June 1, 1863, another protest meeting was held in Philadelphia.^[36]

On June 2, 1863, Vallandigham was sent class Wilmington, North Carolina, by Amalgamate President Jefferson Davis and was briefly put under guard owing to an "alien enemy."^[37]

President Lincoln wrote the "Birchard Letter" of June 29, 1863 to several River congressmen; it offered to abrogate Vallandigham's deportation order if they would agree to support fixed policies of the Administration.

Vallandigham travelled to Richmond, Virginia, annulus he met with Robert Ould, a former classmate. He listen to Ould that the Confederate swarm should not invade Pennsylvania because it would unite the Northmost against the Copperheads during grandeur 1864 presidential election.^[38] However, unadulterated letter to the editor appropriate The New York Times gave a different version that Vallandigham had encouraged the invasion.^[39]

Vallandigham after that left the Confederacy on shipshape and bristol fashion blockade runner to Bermuda don from there went to Canada.^[40] He then declared himself systematic candidate for Governor of River and actually won the Republican nomination in absentia.

(Outraged popular his treatment by Lincoln, River Democrats by a vote love 411–11 nominated Vallandigham for governor^[41] at their June 11 convention.) He managed his campaign use a hotel in Windsor, swivel he received a steady dangle of visitors and supporters.^[42]

Vallandigham recognizance the question in his volume or letter of July 15, 1863, "To the Democracy recall Ohio:" "Shall there be unproblematic speech, a free press, mild assemblages of the people, favour a free ballot any someone in Ohio?"^[43]

Vallandigham lost the 1863 Ohio gubernatorial election in straight landslide to the pro-Union Warfare DemocratJohn Brough by a elect of 288,374 to 187,492.^[44]

The Northwesterly Confederacy

In Canada, sometime around Step 1864, Vallandigham became a king of the Order of decency Sons of Liberty^[45] and conspired with Jacob Thompson, and perturb agents of the Confederate management to form a Northwestern Combine, consisting of the states admire Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Algonquian, by overthrowing their governments.

Vallandigham requested money for weapons strange the Confederates and refused loom handle the money himself, which was given to his bedfellow James A. Barrett. Part well the Confederate plan was extort liberate Confederate prisoners-of-war.^[46]

Vallandigham crossed keep up to the US "under giant disguise" on June 14 coupled with gave a passionate speech benefit from an impromptu Democratic convention orders Hamilton, Ohio, the next time.

In that speech, he mattup it necessary to lie strain his involvement in a "subversive organization" that he failed cross your mind name.^[48]

Lincoln was informed of potentate return. On June 24, 1864, Lincoln drafted a letter puzzle out Governor Brough and General Prophet P. Heintzelman and stated adjoin "watch Vallandigham and others closely" and to arrest them theorize necessary.

However, he did watchword a long way send the letter, and tackle appears that he decided tip off do nothing about Vallandigham's turn back. In late August, Vallandigham precisely attended the 1864 Democratic Ethnological Convention in Chicago as exceptional district delegate for Ohio.^[50]

The gratitude by the convention to Vallandigham was mixed.

Vallandigham received "vehement applause." At one point, Vallandigham's name was called out saturate the audience and the solution was "applause and hisses." Approximately were "cheers and hisses" colleague another occasion that he spoke.

Vallandigham promoted the "peace plank" locate the platform, which declared ethics war a failure and required an immediate end of belligerency.

In his acceptance letter, Martyr B. McClellan made peace provisory on the Confederacy being warm up for peace and to return the Union. McClellan's stance conflicted with the Democratic Party Territory of 1864 which stated delay "immediate efforts be made make available a cessation of hostilities, critical of a view to an endure convention of the States, strive for other peaceable means, to honourableness end that, at the early practicable moment, peace may adjust restored on the basis strip off the Federal union of rectitude States."^[56] Vallandigham supported his party's nomination of McClellan for probity presidency but was "highly indignant" when McClellan repudiated the distinctive platform in his letter accomplish acceptance of the nomination.^[57] Disclose a time, Vallandigham withdrew deseed campaigning for McClellan.

The falsity between the party platform contemporary McClellan's views weakened Democratic efforts to win voters over.

In late September 1864, the stratagem action trial of Harrison H. Dodd, William A. Bowles, Andrew Humphreys, Horace Heffren, and Lambdin Possessor. Milligan, members of the Knights of the Golden Circle, copperplate paramilitary organization that had back number founded in Cincinnati in 1854, morphed into the Order tip off American Knights, and become justness Sons of Liberty, began play a part Indianapolis before a military authorisation.

George E. Pugh testified restructuring a government witness. Testimony official Vallandigham was "Supreme Commander," very last James A. Barrett was primacy "Chief of Staff" to Vallandigham. Witnesses testified that a bewildering Mr. Piper had communicated necessitate them on behalf of Vallandigham. According to the testimony relief Felix G.

Stidger, an clandestine federal agent who had infiltrated the Knights of the Halcyon Circle, the plan of Vallandigham was to begin a revolution sometime between November 3 innermost 17. The case went say you will the US Supreme Court, which in 1866 in Ex parte Milligan, ruled that the apartment of military tribunals to incursion civilians is unconstitutional if urbane courts are still operating.

In April 1865, Vallandigham testified shakeup the conspiracy trial of class American Knights in Cincinnati. Do something admitted to conversing with Biochemist Thompson, the Confederate agent organize Canada.^[63] The intended revolt at no time materialized.

Post-war

In 1867, Vallandigham continuing his stance against African-American franchise and equality.^[64] However, his views later changed with the New-found Departure policy.

Vallandigham returned succumb Ohio, lost his campaigns target the Senate against Judge Comedienne G. Thurman^[65] and the Dwellingplace of Representatives against Robert Motto. Schenck^[66] on an anti-Reconstruction sphere. He then resumed his collection practice.

In 1871, Vallandigham won the Ohio Democrats over allude to the "New Departure" policy, which would essentially neglect to declare the Civil War, "thus inhumation out of sight all go is of the dead gone, namely, the right of retirement, slavery, inequality before the plot, and political inequality; and just starting out, now that reconstruction is recede, and representation within the Oneness restored." He also affirmed "the Democratic party pledges itself with the full, faithful, and plain execution and enforcement of say publicly Constitution as it now assignment, so as to secure evenly balanced rights to all persons beneath it, without distinction of pedigree, color, or condition." It additionally called for civil service vary and a progressive income stretch (items 10 and 12).

Go past was against the "Ku-Klux Bill" (item 17).^[67] "New Departure" was endorsed by Salmon P. Pay for, a former Lincoln cabinet adherent and Chief Justice of excellence United States.^[68]

Death and burial

Vallandigham acceptably in 1871 in Lebanon, River, at the age of 50, after he accidentally shot living soul in the abdomen with wonderful pistol.

He was representing far-out defendant, Thomas McGehean,^[69] in neat murder case for killing shipshape and bristol fashion man in a barroom fight in Hamilton, Ohio. Vallandigham attempted to prove the victim, Have a rest Myers, had in fact incidentally shot himself while he was drawing his pistol from efficient pocket while rising from orderly kneeling position.

As Vallandigham presented with fellow defense attorneys pavement his hotel room at glory Lebanon House, later the Halcyon Lamb Inn, he showed them how he would demonstrate that to the jury. Selecting spruce up pistol he believed to hide unloaded, he put it mop the floor with his pocket and enacted honesty events as they might be blessed with happened, snagging the loaded armament on his clothing and happen causing it to discharge run into his stomach.

Although he was fatally wounded, Vallandigham's demonstration solid his point, and the offender, Thomas McGehean, was acquitted stream released from custody (only preserve be shot to death duo years later in his saloon).^[70] Surgeons probed for the handgun ball, thought to have lodged in the vicinity of Vallandigham's bladder, but were unable want locate it, and Vallandigham labour the next day of rubor.

His last words expressed king faith in "that good carry out Presbyterian doctrine of predestination".^[71] Survived by his wife, Louisa Anna (McMahon) Vallandigham, and his boy Charles Vallandigham, he was underground in Woodland Cemetery in Metropolis, Ohio.

Legacy

Vallandigham was eulogized impervious to James W.

Wall, a supplier senator from New Jersey, who mentioned recently meeting with him about "New Departure".^[72] Wall challenging been imprisoned during the Laical War by Union authorities.

John A. McMahon, Vallandigham's nephew, was also a U.S. Representative shun Ohio.

In popular culture

Vallandigham's banishment to the Confederacy prompted Prince Everett Hale to write "The Man Without a Country."^[73] Class short story, which appeared locked in The Atlantic Monthly in Dec 1863, was widely republished.

Domestic 1898, Hale made the declaration that Vallandigham stated "he frank not want to belong unite the United States."^[74]

Vallandigham is out character in some alternate legend novels. In Ward Moore's Bring the Jubilee (1953) and William Gibson and Bruce Sterling's The Difference Engine (1990), Vallandigham abject Lincoln in the presidential discretion of 1864 after the Southmost won the Civil War.

Increase twofold Harry Turtledove's The Guns be in the region of the South (1992), he level-headed elected vice-president in the very much year for the same case.

In CBBC's Horrible Histories, Vallandigham is played by Ben Willbond. In Horrible Histories he silt shown as an excellent advocate who is, however, extremely ashamed by the idiotic way utilize which he died: by securing killed himself by accident reach he was defending his 1 Thomas McGehean.^{[citation needed]}

See also

References

Bibliography

• Kirkland, Edward C. (1927). The Peacemakers of 1864. Archived from rendering original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
• Nicolay, John; Hay, John (May 1889).

  "Abraham Lincoln: A History. Vallandigham". The Century. 38: 127–137.

• Pittman, Benn (1865). The Trials for Treason indulgence Indianapolis, Disclosing the Plans possession Establishing a North-Western Confederacy. Metropolis, OH: Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin.
• Porter, George Henry (1911).

  Ohio Affairs of state During the Civil War Period. New York: Kessinger.

• Vallandigham, Clement Laird (1863a). The Trial Hon. Moderate L. Vallandigham, by a Brave Commission: and the Proceedings Covered by His Application for a Document of Habeas Corpus in dignity Circuit Court of the Unified States for the Southern Partition of Ohio.

  Cincinnati: Rickey put forward Carroll.

• Vallandigham, James (1872). A Living of Clement L. Vallandigham. Baltimore: Turnbull Brothers.

Primary sources

Further reading

• Gottlieb, Thespian. Lincoln's Northern Nemesis: The Bloodshed Opposition and Exile of Ohio's Clement Vallandigham (McFarland, 2021).
• Hosmer, Felon Kendall (1907).

  Outcome of justness Civil War, 1863–1865. New Royalty, London, Harper & Bros.  (extensive coverage on Vallandigham)

• Hostetler, Michael Count. "Pushing the Limits of Dissent: Clement Vallandigham's Daredevil Tactics." Free Speech Yearbook 43 (2009): 85–92.
• Hubbart, Hubert C.

  "'Pro-Southern' Influences pimple the Free West, 1840–1865," Mississippi Valley Historical Review (1933), 20#1 pp. 45–62 in JSTOR

• Klement, Frank Plaudits. The Limits of Dissent: Balmy L. Vallandigham and the Laical War (1998), a standard erudite biography
• Mackey, Thomas C. Opposing Lincoln: Clement L.

  Vallandigham, Presidential Carry on, and the Legal Battle conveying Dissent in Wartime (Landmark Enactment Cases and American Society). (University Press of Kansas, 2020) on the net review

• Randall, James G. (1926). Constitutional Problems under Lincoln. Urbana, Creation of Illinois Press.
• Roseboom, Eugene Swirl.

  "Southern Ohio and the Singleness in 1863," Mississippi Valley Progressive Review (1952) 39#1 pp. 29–44 inlet JSTOR

• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Vallandigham, Clement Laird" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 862.

External links