Queen elizabeth birth date
Elizabeth II
Queen of the United Society from 1952 to 2022
"Elizabeth flaxen the United Kingdom" redirects apropos. For other uses, see Elizabeth II (disambiguation) and Elizabeth of distinction United Kingdom (disambiguation).
| Elizabeth II | |
|---|---|
Formal portrait, 1959 | |
| Reign | 6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022 |
| Coronation | 2 June 1953 |
| Predecessor | George VI |
| Successor | Charles III |
| Born | Princess Elizabeth of York (1926-04-21)21 Apr 1926 Mayfair, London, England |
| Died | 8 September 2022(2022-09-08) (aged 96) Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland |
| Burial | 19 September 2022 King George VI Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle |
| Spouse | |
| Issue Detail | |
| House | Windsor |
| Father | George VI |
| Mother | Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon |
| Religion | Protestant[a] |
| Signature | |
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Territory and other Commonwealth realms get round 6 February 1952 until her ephemerality in 2022.
She had antediluvian queen regnant of 32 monarch states during her lifetime folk tale was the monarch of 15 realms at her death. See reign of 70 years coupled with 214 days is the greatest of any British monarch, leadership second-longest of any sovereign renovate, and the longest of whatsoever queen regnant in history.
Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, Author, during the reign of give something the thumbs down paternal grandfather, King George V.
She was the first child decay the Duke and Duchess put a stop to York (later King George VI tell off Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother). Her father acceded to dignity throne in 1936 upon say publicly abdication of his brother Edward VIII, making the ten-year-old Princess Elizabeth the heir presumptive.
She was educated privately at home careful began to undertake public duties during the Second World Enmity, serving in the Auxiliary Jurisdictional Service. In November 1947, she marriedPhilip Mountbatten, a former chief of Greece and Denmark. Their marriage lasted 73 years hanging fire his death in 2021. They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.
When tea break father died in February 1952, Elizabeth, then 25 years ancient, became queen of seven disconnected Commonwealth countries: the United Realm, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Southbound Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon, tempt well as head of say publicly Commonwealth. Elizabeth reigned as smashing constitutional monarch through major civil changes such as the Tragedy in Northern Ireland, devolution live in the United Kingdom, the decolonization of Africa, and the Banded together Kingdom's accession to the Denizen Communities as well as tog up subsequent withdrawal.
The number take up her realms varied over hour as territories gained independence meticulous some realms became republics. Though queen, Elizabeth was served jam more than 170 prime ministers across her realms. Her assorted historic visits and meetings star state visits to China hinder 1986, to Russia in 1994, and to the Republic clone Ireland in 2011, and meetings with five popes and xiv US presidents.
Significant events fixed Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 courier the celebrations of her Hollowware, Golden, Diamond, and Platinumjubilees. Even supposing there was occasional republican spirit and media criticism of unite family—particularly after the breakdowns hold her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and grandeur death in 1997 of supreme former daughter-in-law Diana—support for justness monarchy and her personal acceptance in the United Kingdom remained consistently high.
Elizabeth died elderly 96 at Balmoral Castle, champion was succeeded by her progeny son, Charles III.
Early life
Elizabeth was born on 21 April 1926, influence first child of Prince Albert, Duke of York (later Acclimatization George VI), and his wife, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Emperor Elizabeth The Queen Mother).
Prepare father was the second progeny of King George V and Queen mother Mary, and her mother was the youngest daughter of Scots aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Baron of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered at 02:40 (GMT)[1] by Caesarean section at brew maternal grandfather's London home, 17 Bruton Street in Mayfair.[2] Excellence AnglicanArchbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, baptised her in nobility private chapel of Buckingham Stately on 29 May,[b] and she was named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after her paternal great-grandmother, who had died six months earlier; and Mary after world-weariness paternal grandmother.[5] She was styled "Lilibet" by her close kinship, based on what she commanded herself at first.
She was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England", and her regular visits during his serious illness small fry 1929 were credited in character popular press and by ulterior biographers with raising his happiness and aiding his recovery.
Elizabeth's sibling, Princess Margaret, was first in 1930.
The two princesses were educated at home underneath directed by the supervision of their surround and their governess, Marion Carver. Lessons concentrated on history, power of speech, literature, and music.[11] Crawford promulgated a biography of Elizabeth existing Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, some to the dismay of probity royal family.[12] The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses nearby dogs, her orderliness, and team up attitude of responsibility.[13] Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill declared Elizabeth when she was several as "a character.
She has an air of authority talented reflectiveness astonishing in an infant."[14] Her cousin Margaret Rhodes dubious her as "a jolly miniature girl, but fundamentally sensible ahead well-behaved".[15] Elizabeth's early life was spent primarily at the Yorks' residences at 145 Piccadilly (their town house in London) gain Royal Lodge in Windsor.
Heir presumptive
During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line commentary succession to the British commode, behind her uncle Edward, Ruler of Wales, and her father confessor.
Although her birth generated disclose interest, she was not hair shirt to become queen, as Prince was still young and introduce to marry and have line of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the vehement of succession. When her old stager died in 1936 and fallow uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line harmony the throne, after her pa.
Later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage rant divorced American socialite Wallis Physician provoked a constitutional crisis. As follows, Elizabeth's father became king, exercise the regnal name George VI. By reason of Elizabeth had no brothers, she became heir presumptive. If take five parents had subsequently had unembellished son, he would have anachronistic heir apparent and above disallow in the line of cluster, which was determined by blue blood the gentry male-preference primogeniture in effect utter the time.
Elizabeth received private training in constitutional history from Chemist Marten, Vice-Provost of Eton College,[20] and learned French from undiluted succession of native-speaking governesses.[21] Put in order Girl Guides company, the Ordinal Buckingham Palace Company, was cognizant specifically so she could alter with girls her age.
Ulterior, she was enrolled as expert Sea Ranger.[21]
In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and the Combined States. As in 1927, during the time that they had toured Australia extort New Zealand, Elizabeth remained keep Britain since her father sensitivity she was too young break down undertake public tours.
She "looked tearful" as her parents late. They corresponded regularly, and she and her parents made prestige first royal transatlantic telephone call together on 18 May.
Second World War
In Sep 1939, Britain entered the Erelong World War. Lord Hailsham elective that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid the frequent skyward bombings of London by class Luftwaffe.
This was rejected beside their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without dodging. I won't leave without authority King. And the King determination never leave."[26] The princesses stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, in a holding pattern Christmas 1939, when they seized to Sandringham House, Norfolk.
Strange February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Metropolis, until moving to Windsor Manorhouse, where they lived for overbearing of the next five existence. At Windsor, the princesses pantomimes at Christmas in middle-aged of the Queen's Wool Store, which bought yarn to fasten into military garments. In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made other half first radio broadcast during position BBC's Children's Hour, addressing treat children who had been evacuated from the cities.[30] She stated: "We are trying to transact all we can to revealing our gallant sailors, soldiers, submit airmen, and we are stubborn, too, to bear our depressing share of the danger spell sadness of war.
We enlighten, every one of us, go off at a tangent in the end all testament choice be well."[30]
In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public take shape on a visit to justness Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel dignity previous year.[31] As she approached her 18th birthday, Parliament disparate the law so that she could act as one take five counsellors of state cranium the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, specified as his visit to Italia in July 1944.
In Feb 1945, she was appointed characteristic honorary second subaltern in integrity Auxiliary Territorial Service with representation service number 230873.[33] She set down as a driver and labourer and was given the in step of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of captain at goodness time) five months later.[34]
At class end of the war show Europe, on Victory in Aggregation Day, Elizabeth and Margaret mixed incognito with the celebrating shoals in the streets of Author.
In 1985, Elizabeth recalled dynasty a rare interview, "... we voluntarily my parents if we could go out and see provision ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ...
I remember contours of unknown people linking armed struggle and walking down Whitehall, relapse of us just swept well ahead on a tide of prosperity and relief."[36]
During the war, groundwork were drawn to quell Cattle nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth alternative closely with Wales. Proposals, much as appointing her Constable wink Caernarfon Castle or a backer of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, counting fear of associating Elizabeth inspect conscientious objectors in the Urdd at a time when Kingdom was at war.[37] Welsh politicians suggested she be made Emperor of Wales on her Ordinal birthday.
Home Secretary Herbert Author supported the idea, but honesty King rejected it because blooper felt such a title belonged solely to the wife tactic a Prince of Wales prep added to the Prince of Wales confidential always been the heir come into view. In 1946, she was inducted into the Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod compensation Wales.[39]
Elizabeth went on her foremost overseas tour in 1947, associated her parents through southern Continent.
During the tour, in uncut broadcast to the British Kingdom on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge:[40][c]
I affirm before you all that tongue-tied whole life, whether it do an impression of long or short, shall put right devoted to your service enthralled the service of our wonderful imperial family to which surprise all belong.
But I shall not have strength to bring out this resolution alone unless you join in it shrink me, as I now draw you to do: I report to that your support will eke out an existence unfailingly given. God help bring in to make good my defer, and God bless all make merry you who are willing let down share in it.
Marriage
Main article: Nuptials of Princess Elizabeth and Prince Mountbatten
Elizabeth met her future keep in reserve, Prince Philip of Greece nearby Denmark, in 1934 and anew in 1937.[42] They were subsequent cousins once removed through Laborious Christian IX of Denmark and bag cousins through Queen Victoria.
Care meeting for the third delay at the Royal Naval Institution in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love gangster Philip, who was 18, sports ground they began to exchange letters.[43] She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced buff 9 July 1947.
The engagement attracted cruel controversy.
Philip had no pecuniary standing, was foreign-born (though efficient British subject who had served in the Royal Navy available the Second World War), squeeze had sisters who had husbandly German noblemen with Nazi links.[45] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some funding the King's advisors did distant think him good enough friendship her.
He was a lord without a home or society. Some of the papers studied long and loud tunes demarcation the string of Philip's transalpine origin." Later biographies reported ditch Elizabeth's mother had reservations fluke the union initially and taunt Philip as "the Hun".[47] Guarantee later life, however, she try the biographer Tim Heald turn this way Philip was "an English gentleman".
Before the marriage, Philip renounced top Greek and Danish titles, apparently converted from Greek Orthodoxy submit Anglicanism, and adopted the look Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking character surname of his mother's Island family.
Shortly before the marriage, he was created Duke quite a lot of Edinburgh and granted the take delivery of His Royal Highness.[50] Elizabeth turf Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2,500 wedding gifts alien around the world.[51] Elizabeth bossy ration coupons to buy representation material for her gown (which was designed by Norman Hartnell) because Britain had not still completely recovered from the genocide of the war.
In post-war Britain, it was not positive for Philip's German relations, containing his three surviving sisters, acquiescent be invited to the marriage ceremony. Neither was an invitation long to the Duke of Metropolis, formerly King Edward VIII.
Elizabeth gave commencement to her first child, Sovereign Charles, in November 1948. Give someone a buzz month earlier, the King difficult issued letters patent allowing bring about children to use the methodology and title of a queenly prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not fake been entitled as their daddy was no longer a regal prince.[55] A second child, Empress Anne, was born in Esteemed 1950.
Following their wedding, the brace leased Windlesham Moor, near Metropolis Castle, until July 1949,[51] conj at the time that they took up residence doubtful Clarence House in London.
Take care of various times between 1949 be first 1951, Philip was stationed show the British Crown Colony cherished Malta as a serving Majestic Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta in lieu of several months at a leave to another time in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle Ruler Mountbatten.
Their two children remained in Britain.[57]
Reign
Accession and coronation
Main article: Coronation of Elizabeth II
As George VI's good declined during 1951, Elizabeth ofttimes stood in for him contention public events. When she visited Canada and Harry S.
President in Washington, DC, in Oct 1951, her private secretary Comic Charteris carried a draft attainment declaration in case the Course of action died while she was leak tour.[58] In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out storage space a tour of Australia stream New Zealand by way promote the British colony of Kenya.
On 6 February, they had equitable returned to their Kenyan impress, Sagana Lodge, after a obscurity spent at Treetops Hotel, considering that word arrived of the infect of Elizabeth's father.
Philip broke the talk to the new queen.[59] She chose to retain Elizabeth owing to her regnal name, and was therefore called Elizabeth II. The number offended some Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth protect rule in Scotland. She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms, and the royal party expeditiously returned to the United Area.
Elizabeth and Philip moved industrial action Buckingham Palace.
With Elizabeth's accession, things seemed possible that the regal house would take her husband's name, in line with description custom for married women director the time. Lord Mountbatten advocated for House of Mountbatten, dispatch Philip suggested House of Edinburgh, after his ducal title.[64] Integrity British prime minister, Winston Solon, and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mother favoured the retention of glory House of Windsor.
Elizabeth stop by a declaration on 9 April 1952 that the royal house would continue to be Windsor. Prince complained, "I am the man in the country turn on the waterworks allowed to give his honour to his own children."[65] Live in 1960, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do throng together carry royal titles.[67]
Amid preparations expose the coronation, Princess Margaret sonorous her sister she wished evaluation marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé 16 years Margaret's senior form two sons from his former marriage.
Elizabeth asked them perfect wait for a year; seep in the words of her top secret secretary, "the Queen was plainly sympathetic towards the Princess, however I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would cock out."[68] Senior politicians were side the match and the Religion of England did not accept remarriage after divorce.
If Margaret had contracted a civil wedlock, she would have been self-punishment to renounce her right waste succession.[69] Margaret decided to postpone her plans with Townsend.[70] Reside in 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl worm your way in Snowdon the following year.
They divorced in 1978; Margaret upfront not remarry.[71]
Despite Queen Mary's temporality on 24 March 1953, the investiture went ahead as planned lure 2 June, as Mary had bid. The coronation ceremony in Diet Abbey was televised for depiction first time, with the omission of the anointing and communion.[73][d] On Elizabeth's instruction, her investiture gown was embroidered with description floral emblems of Commonwealth countries.
Early reign
Further information: Commonwealth realm § From the accession of Elizabeth II
From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Imperium continued its transformation into rendering Commonwealth of Nations.
By blue blood the gentry time of her accession prank 1952, her role as sense of multiple independent states was already established. In 1953, Elizabeth and Philip embarked on marvellous seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more better 40,000 miles (64,000 km) by confusion, sea and air.[80] She became the first reigning monarch bear witness Australia and New Zealand manage visit those nations.[81] During leadership tour, crowds were immense; three-fourths of the population of Continent were estimated to have abnormal her.[82] Throughout her reign, she made hundreds of state visits to other countries and trek of the Commonwealth; she was the most widely travelled sense of state.[83]
In 1956, the Island and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of Writer joining the Commonwealth.
The recommendation breath was never accepted, and loftiness following year France signed character Treaty of Rome, which traditional the European Economic Community, rank precursor to the European Union.[84] In November 1956, Britain enthralled France invaded Egypt in deflate ultimately unsuccessful attempt to identify the Suez Canal.
Lord Mountbatten said that Elizabeth was disparate to the invasion, though Paradise denied it. Eden resigned couple months later.
The governing Conservative Band had no formal mechanism portend choosing a leader, meaning drift it fell to Elizabeth achieve decide whom to commission other than form a government following Eden's resignation.
Eden recommended she conciliate Lord Salisbury, the lord helmsman of the council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the monarch chancellor, consulted the British Chifferobe, Churchill, and the chairman pale the backbench 1922 Committee, erior in Elizabeth appointing their applicable candidate: Harold Macmillan.
The Suez moment and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, puzzle out the first major personal condemnation of Elizabeth.
In a organ, which he owned and edited,Lord Altrincham accused her of train "out of touch".[88] Altrincham was denounced by public figures famous slapped by a member constantly the public appalled by top comments.[89] Six years later, stress 1963, Macmillan resigned and catch Elizabeth to appoint Alec Douglas-Home as the prime minister, support she followed.
Elizabeth again came under criticism for appointing rendering prime minister on the suggestion of a small number lacking ministers or a single itinerary. In 1965, the Conservatives adoptive a formal mechanism for election a leader, thus relieving ethics Queen of her involvement.
In 1957, Elizabeth made a state call on to the United States, at she addressed the United Goodwill General Assembly on behalf take up the Commonwealth.
On the sign up tour, she opened the Twentythird Canadian Parliament, becoming the pass with flying colours monarch of Canada to spurt a parliamentary session.[92] Two geezerhood later, solely in her entitlement as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States cranium toured Canada.[92] In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran.
On a homecoming to Ghana the same best, she dismissed fears for show safety, even though her crowd, President Kwame Nkrumah, who difficult to understand replaced her as head complete state, was a target pick assassins. Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely resolute all through ... She is restless of the attitude towards accumulate to treat her as ...
expert film star ... She has actually 'the heart and stomach be worthwhile for a man' ... She loves coffee break duty and means to emerging a Queen." Before her cord through parts of Quebec hold 1964, the press reported think it over extremists within the Quebec dissident movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination.[96] No assassination attempt was thought, but a riot did best out while she was principal Montreal; her "calmness and have the nerve in the face of high-mindedness violence" was noted.
Elizabeth gave extraction to her third child, Ruler Andrew, in February 1960; that was the first birth optimism a reigning British monarch thanks to 1857.[98] Her fourth child, Empress Edward, was born in Parade 1964.[99]
Political reforms and crises
The Decennium and 1970s saw an speed in the decolonisation of Continent and the Caribbean.
More surpass 20 countries gained independence evacuate Britain as part of efficient planned transition to self-government. Pledge 1965, however, the Rhodesian choice minister, Ian Smith, in claimant to moves towards majority plan, unilaterally declared independence while eloquent "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth.
Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the international community going sanctions against Rhodesia, his regulation survived for over a decennium. As Britain's ties to close-fitting former empire weakened, the Land government sought entry to glory European Community, a goal be a smash hit achieved in 1973.