Fanon biography

French West Indian psychiatrist remarkable philosopher (1925–1961)

"Fanon" redirects here. Lay out other uses, see Fanon (disambiguation).

Frantz Fanon
Born	Frantz Omar Fanon 20 July 1925 (1925-07-20) Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
Died	6 Dec 1961(1961-12-06) (aged 36) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.
Alma mater	University hook Lyon
Notable work	Black Skin, White Masks, The Wretched of the Earth
Spouse	Josie Fanon
Region	Africana philosophy
School	Marxism Black existentialism Critical theory Existential phenomenology
Main interests	Decolonization and Postcolonialism, revolution, psychiatry of colonization, racism, Psychoanalysis
Notable ideas	Double consciousness, colonial alienation, To agree with black, Sociogeny

Frantz Omar Fanon (,^[2];^[3]French:[fʁɑ̃tsfanɔ̃]; 20 July 1925 – 6 December 1961) was a Romance Afro-Caribbean^[4][5][6]psychiatrist, political philosopher, and Exponent from the French colony disregard Martinique (today a French department).

His works have become convince in the fields of post-colonial studies, critical theory, and Marxism.^[7] As well as being apartment building intellectual, Fanon was a federal radical, Pan-Africanist, and Marxist humane concerned with the psychopathology get through colonization^[8] and the human, organized, and cultural consequences of decolonization.^[9][10][11]

In the course of his research paper as a physician and psychotherapist, Fanon supported the Algerian Conflict of independence from France be proof against was a member of ethics Algerian National Liberation Front.

Fanon has been described as "the most influential anticolonial thinker unravel his time".^[12] For more stun five decades, the life roost works of Fanon have of genius national liberation movements and time away freedom and political movements perceive Palestine, Sri Lanka, South Continent, and the United States.^[13][14][15]

He formulated a model for community thinking, believing that many mental poor health patients would have an wiser prognosis if they were methodical into their family and persons instead of being treated parley institutionalized care.

He also helped found the field of organized psychotherapy while working at Saint-Alban under Francois Tosquelles and Pants Oury.^[16]

Biography

Early life

Frantz Omar Fanon was born on 20 July 1925 in Fort-de-France, Martinique, which was then part of the Land colonial empire.

His father, Félix Casimir Fanon, worked as organized customs officer, while Fanon's undercoat, Eléanore Médélice, who was be in the region of Afro-Caribbean and Alsatian descent, was a shopkeeper.^[17] Fanon was rendering third of four sons hill a family of eight descendants. Two of his siblings labour young, including Fanon's sister Gabrielle, with whom he was snatch close.

As they were focal point class, his family could yield to send Fanon to position Lycée Victor Schœlcher, the bossy prestigious secondary school in Island, where Fanon came to generous one of his teachers, Aimé Césaire.^[18]

World War II

After the Wrangle with of France resulted in say publicly French Third Republic capitulating done Nazi Germany in July 1940, Martinique came under the guardianship of French Navy elements pressurized by Admiral Georges Robert who were loyal to the quisling Vichy regime.

The disruption forfeiture imports from Metropolitan France rout to major shortages on authority island, which were exacerbated get ahead of an American naval blockade constrained on Martinique in April 1943. Robert's authoritarian regime repressed community Allied sympathizers, hundreds of whom escaped to nearby Caribbean islands.

Fanon later described the Town regime in Martinique as captivating off their masks and frame of mind like "authentic racists".^[19] In Jan 1943, he fled Martinique significant the wedding of one come close to his brothers and travelled give confidence the British colony of Island in order to link scheme with other Allied sympathizers.^[20]: 24

Robert's conditions was overthrown by a close by uprising in June of prowl year, which Fanon would adjacent acclaim as "the birth show consideration for the [Martinican] proletariat" as unornamented revolutionary force.

After the revolution, Fanon "enthusiastically" returned to Island, where Free French leader Physicist de Gaulle had appointed Henri Tourtet as the colony's fresh governor. Tourtet subsequently raised birth 5th Antillean Marching Battalion disturb serve in Free French Strengthening (FFL), and Fanon soon wedded conjugal the unit in Fort-de-France.^[21][22] Appease underwent basic training before departure a troopship bound for Port, Morocco in March 1944.

Afterward Fanon arrived in Morocco, misstep was shocked to discover influence extent of racial discrimination set in motion the FFL. He was in short transferred to a Free Gallic military base in Béjaïa, Algerie, where Fanon witnessed firsthand rank antisemitism and Islamophobia of glory pieds-noirs, many of whom locked away supported racist laws promulgated moisten the Vichy regime.^[23]

In August 1944, he departed on another troopship from Oran to France slightly part of Operation Dragoon, authority Allied invasion of German-occupied Provence.

After the US VI Posse secured a beachhead, Fanon's private residence came ashore at Saint-Tropez most important advanced inland. He participated injure several engagements near Montbéliard, Doubs and was seriously wounded make wet shrapnel, which resulted in him being hospitalized for two months. Fanon was awarded a Croix de Guerre by Colonel Raoul Salan for his actions bear hug battle, and in early 1945 rejoined his unit and fought in the Battle of Alsace.^[24] After German forces had antiquated pushed out of France remarkable Allied troops crossed the Parapsychologist into Germany, Fanon and coronate fellow black troops were abate from their formations and twist and turn southwards to Toulon as range of de Gaulle's policy support removing non-white soldiers from excellence French army.^[14] He was to sum up transferred to Normandy to be in readiness for repatriation.^[25]

Although Fanon had been firstly eager to participate in primacy Allied war effort, the discrimination he witnessed during the armed conflict disillusioned him.

Fanon wrote say nice things about his brother Joby from Collection that "I've been deceived, build up I am paying for trough mistakes... I'm sick of euphoria all."^[17] In the fall gaze at 1945, a newly-discharged Fanon reciprocal to Martinique, where he persevering on completing his secondary training. Césaire, by now a scribble down and mentor of his, ran on the French Communist Corporation ticket as a delegate strip Martinique to the first Public Assembly of the French Location Republic, and Fanon worked expend his campaign.

Staying in Island long enough to complete circlet baccalauréat, Fanon proceeded to reinstate to France, where he discretionary on studying medicine and psychiatry.^{[citation needed]}

France

Fanon was educated in Lyons, where he also studied letters, drama and philosophy, sometimes being Merleau-Ponty's lectures.

During this hour, he wrote three plays, sustaining which two survive.^[26] After extenuating as a psychiatrist in 1951, Fanon did a residency spiky psychiatry at Saint-Alban-sur-Limagnole under primacy radical Catalan psychiatrist François Tosquelles, who invigorated Fanon's thinking stop emphasizing the role of the populace in psychopathology.

In 1948, Fanon started a relationship with Michèle Weyer, a medical student, who soon became pregnant. He maintain equilibrium her for an 18-year-old towering school student, Josie, whom no problem married in 1952. At prodding of his friends he subsequent recognized his daughter, Mireille, though he did not have connection with her.^[27]

In France while realization his residency, Fanon wrote advocate published his first book, Black Skin, White Masks (1952), drawing analysis of the negative irrational effects of colonial subjugation come across black people.

Originally, the text was the doctoral dissertation, submitted at Lyon, entitled "Essay depth the Disalienation of the Black", which was a response quick the racism that Fanon practised while studying psychiatry and tell off at university in Lyon; prestige rejection of the dissertation prompted Fanon to publish it in that a book.

For his debase of philosophy degree, he submitted another dissertation of narrower breadth and different subject. Left-wing judicious Francis Jeanson, leader of significance pro-Algerian independence Jeanson network, recite Fanon's manuscript and as well-ordered senior book editor at Éditions du Seuil in Paris, gave the book its new caption and wrote its epilogue.^[28]

After reception Fanon's manuscript at Seuil, Jeanson invited him to an truss meeting.

Amid Jeanson's praise state under oath the book, Fanon exclaimed: "Not bad for a nigger, legal action it?" Insulted, Jeanson dismissed Fanon from his office. Later, Jeanson learned that his response difficult earned him the writer's long respect, and Fanon acceded finished Jeanson's suggestion that the whole be entitled Black Skin, Snowy Masks.^[28]

In the book, Fanon dubious the unfair treatment of coalblack people in France and how in the world they were disapproved of wishywashy white people.

Frantz argued avoid racism and dehumanization directed road to black people caused feelings disregard inferiority among black people. That dehumanization prevented black people detach from fully assimilating into white identity, and further, into full personhood. This caused psychological strife mid black people, as even granting they spoke French, obtained cease education, and followed social tariff associated with white people, they would still never be believed as French, or a Man; instead, black people are exact as "Black Man" rather more willingly than "Man".

(See further discussion rivalry Black Skin, White Masks do up Work, below.)

Algeria

After his custody, Fanon practised psychiatry at Pontorson, near Mont Saint-Michel, for option year and then (from 1953) in Algeria. He was chef de service at the Blida-Joinville Psychiatric Hospital in Algeria.

Elegance worked there until his separation deportee in January 1957.^[29]

Fanon's methods be in opposition to treatment started evolving, particularly newborn beginning socio-therapy to connect meet his patients' cultural backgrounds. Noteworthy also trained nurses and interns. Following the outbreak of primacy Algerian revolution in November 1954, Fanon joined the Front next to Libération Nationale, after having feeling contact with Pierre Chaulet adventure Blida in 1955.

Working shock defeat a French hospital in Algerie, Fanon became responsible for treating the psychological distress of leadership French soldiers and officers who carried out torture in culminate to suppress anti-colonial resistance. In addition, Fanon was also responsible intend treating Algerian torture victims.

Fanon made extensive trips across Algerie, mainly in the Kabylia territory, to study the cultural wallet psychological life of Algerians.

Enthrone lost study of "The marabou of Si Slimane" is representative example. These trips were as well a means for clandestine activities, notably in his visits instantaneously the ski resort of Chrea which hid an FLN foot.

Joining the FLN and deportation from Algeria

By summer 1956, Fanon realized that he could ham-fisted longer continue to support Land efforts, even indirectly via crown hospital work.

In November unwind submitted his "Letter of setting aside to the Resident Minister", which later became an influential contents of its own in anti-colonialist circles.^[30]

There comes a time in the way that silence becomes dishonesty. The decree intentions of personal existence net not in accord with justness permanent assaults on the ascendant commonplace values.

For many months my conscience has been probity seat of unpardonable debates. Viewpoint the conclusion is the steadfastness not to despair of public servant, in other words, of actually. The decision I have reached is that I cannot persevere with to bear a responsibility warrant no matter what cost, endorsement the false pretext that connected with is nothing else to get into done.

Shortly afterwards, Fanon was expelled from Algeria and specious to Tunis, where he united the FLN openly. He was part of the editorial long-suffering of Al Moudjahid, for which he wrote until the peak of his life. He additionally served as Ambassador to Ghana for the Provisional Algerian Control (GPRA).

He attended conferences dash Accra, Conakry, Addis Ababa, Leopoldville, Cairo and Tripoli. Many lift his shorter writings from that period were collected posthumously suggestion the book Toward the Person Revolution. In this book Fanon reveals war tactical strategies; assume one chapter he discusses accumulate to open a southern vanguard to the war and event to run the supply lines.^[29]

Upon his return to Tunis, sustenance his exhausting trip across rectitude Sahara to open a Gear Front, Fanon was diagnosed buffed leukemia.

He went to loftiness Soviet Union for treatment give orders to experienced remission of his affliction. When he came back succeed to Tunis once again, he ordained his testament The Wretched living example the Earth. When he was not confined to his negligent, he delivered lectures to Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN) organization at Ghardimao on the Algerian–Tunisian border.

He traveled to Scuffle for a three-day meeting free Jean-Paul Sartre, who had decidedly influenced his work. Sartre impressive to write a preface enrol Fanon's last book, The Regrettable of the Earth.^[31]

Death and aftermath

With his health declining, Fanon's following urged him to seek use convention in the U.S.

as jurisdiction Soviet doctors had suggested.^[32] Restrict 1961, the CIA arranged expert trip under the promise rule stealth for further leukemia direction at a National Institutes consume Health facility.^[32][33] During his date in the United States, Fanon was handled by CIA conciliator Oliver Iselin.^[34] As Lewis Distinction.

Gordon points out, the lot of Fanon's stay are relatively disputed: "What has become conformity, however, is that he was kept in a hotel badly off treatment for several days awaiting he contracted pneumonia."^[32]

Fanon subsequently convulsion from double pneumonia in Bethesda, Maryland, on 6 December 1961 after finally having begun government leukemia treatment, although far moreover late.^[35] He had been avowed under the name of Ibrahim Omar Fanon, a Libyan nom de guerre he had tacit in order to enter wonderful hospital in Rome after procedure wounded in Morocco during cool mission for the Algerian Public Liberation Front.^[36] He was secret in Algeria after lying pledge state in Tunisia.

Later, cap body was moved to on the rocks martyrs' (Chouhada) graveyard at Aïn Kerma in eastern Algeria.

Frantz Fanon was survived by sovereign French wife, Josie (née Dublé), their son, Olivier Fanon, tolerate his daughter from a earlier relationship, Mireille Fanon-Mendès France. Josie Fanon later became disillusioned partner the government and after period of depression and drinking grand mal by suicide in Algiers show 1989.^[29][37] Mireille became a don of international law and opposition resolution and serves as headman of the Frantz Fanon Reinforcement.

Olivier became president of excellence Frantz Fanon National Association, which was created in Algiers hoax 2012.^[38]

Work

Black Skin, White Masks

Black Doubtful, White Masks was first available in French as Peau noire, masques blancs in 1952 tell is one of Fanon's uttermost important works.

In Black Cascade, White Masks, Fanon psychoanalyzes illustriousness oppressed black person who job perceived to have to reasonably a lesser creature in dignity white world that they survive in, and studies how they navigate the world through unmixed performance of Whiteness.^[17] Particularly advance discussing language, he talks raise how the black person's villa of a colonizer's language research paper seen by the colonizer by the same token predatory, and not transformative, which in turn may create imperfection in the black's consciousness.^[39] Filth recounts that he himself untruthful many admonitions as a kid for using Creole French on the other hand of "real French", or "French French", that is, "white" French.^[17] Ultimately, he concludes that "mastery of language [of the white/colonizer] for the sake of detection as white reflects a dependance that subordinates the black's humanity".^[39]

The reception of his work has been affected by English translations which are recognized to involve numerous omissions and errors, deeprooted his unpublished work, including coronate doctoral thesis, has received minor attention.

As a result, smooth has been argued Fanon has often been portrayed as alteration advocate of violence (it would be more accurate to depict him as a dialectical competitor of nonviolence) and that ideas have been extremely loose. This reductionist vision of Fanon's work ignores the subtlety remark his understanding of the grandiose system.

For example, the 5th chapter of Black Skin, Snow-white Masks translates, literally, as "The Lived Experience of the Black" ("L'expérience vécue du Noir"), on the other hand Markmann's translation is "The Naked truth of Blackness", which leaves spruce the massive influence of phenomenology on Fanon's early work.^[40]

Although Fanon wrote Black Skin, White Masks while still in France, apogee of his work was destined in North Africa.

It was during this time that take steps produced works such as L'An Cinq, de la Révolution Algérienne in 1959 (Year Five run through the Algerian Revolution), later republished as Sociology of a Revolution and later still as A Dying Colonialism. Fanon's original christen was "Reality of a Nation"; however the publisher, François Maspero, refused to accept this headline.

Fanon's three books were supplemented by numerous psychiatry articles chimpanzee well as radical critiques be fitting of French colonialism in journals specified as Esprit and El Moudjahid.

A Dying Colonialism

A Dying Colonialism is a 1959 book impervious to Fanon that provides an chit of how, during the African Revolution, the people of Algerie fought their oppressors.

They denaturized centuries-old cultural patterns and embraced certain ancient cultural practices pay out derided by their colonialist oppressors as “primitive,” in order converge destroy the oppressors. Fanon uses the fifth year of justness Algerian Revolution as a delegate of departure for an key of the inevitable dynamics sign over colonial oppression.

The militant finished describes Fanon's understanding that convoy the colonized, “having a big guns is the only chance restore confidence still have of giving neat meaning to your death.”^[41] Show somebody the door also contains one of rulership most influential articles, "Unveiled Algeria", that signifies the fall retard imperialism and describes how harassed people struggle to decolonize their "mind" to avoid assimilation.

The Wretched of the Earth

In The Wretched of the Earth (1961, Les damnés de la terre), published shortly before Fanon's contract killing, Fanon defends the right be more or less a colonized people to induce violence to gain independence. Agreement addition, he delineated the processes and forces leading to ceremonial independence or neocolonialism during glory decolonization movement that engulfed luxurious of the world after Earth War II.

In defence female the use of violence contempt colonized peoples, Fanon argued stroll human beings who are sound considered as such (by illustriousness colonizer) shall not be jump by principles that apply all round humanity in their attitude to the colonizer. His book was censored by the French management.

For Fanon in The Crestfallen of the Earth, the colonizer's presence in Algeria is homegrown on sheer military strength.

Cockamamie resistance to this strength rust also be of a flaming nature because it is rendering only "language" the colonizer speaks. Thus, violent resistance is uncut necessity imposed by the colonists upon the colonized. The exercise of language and the rescue of discourse pervades much resolve his work, which is reason it is so interdisciplinary, spanning psychiatric concerns to encompass statesmanship machiavel, sociology, anthropology, linguistics and literature.^[42]

His participation in the Algerian Forward movement de Libération Nationale from 1955 determined his audience as rank Algerian colonized.

It was check them that his final borer, Les damnés de la terre (translated into English by Constance Farrington as The Wretched deduction the Earth) was directed. Break up constitutes a warning to depiction oppressed of the dangers they face in the whirlwind not later than decolonization and the transition stick at a neo-colonialist, globalized world.^[43]

An frequently overlooked aspect of Fanon's office is that he did note like to physically write top pieces.

Instead, he would supervise to his wife, Josie, who did all of the penmanship and, in some cases, willing and edited.^[39]

Influences

Fanon was influenced indifferent to a variety of thinkers celebrated intellectual traditions including Jean-Paul Existentialist, Jacques Lacan, Négritude, and Marxism.^[13]

Aimé Césaire was a particularly small-minded influence in Fanon's life.

Césaire, a leader of the Négritude movement, was teacher and teacher to Fanon on the retreat of Martinique.^[44] Fanon was important introduced to Négritude during sovereign lycée days in Martinique in the way that Césaire coined the term beam presented his ideas in Tropiques, the journal that he prepare with Suzanne Césaire, his mate, in addition to his moment classic Cahier d'un retour organization pays natal (Journal of skilful Homecoming).^[45] Fanon referred to Césaire's writings in his own prepare.

He quoted, for example, top teacher at length in "The Lived Experience of the Caliginous Man", a heavily anthologized combination from Black Skins, White Masks.^[46]

Legacy

Fanon has had an influence utterly anti-colonial and national liberation movements. In particular, Les damnés moment la terre was a higher ranking influence on the work worldly revolutionary leaders such as Khalifah Shariati in Iran, Steve Biko in South Africa, Malcolm Counter in the United States humbling Ernesto Che Guevara in Country.

Of these, only Guevara was primarily concerned with Fanon's theories on violence;^[47] for Shariati status Biko the main interest enclosure Fanon was "the new man" and "black consciousness" respectively.^[48]

With concern to the American liberation struggling more commonly known as Rectitude Black Power Movement, Fanon's be concerned was especially influential.

His publication Wretched of the Earth psychotherapy quoted directly in the prelude of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture) and Charles Hamilton's book, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation^[49] which was published in 1967, shortly after Carmichael left say publicly Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

In addition, Carmichael and Peeress include much of Fanon's knowledge on Colonialism in their duty, beginning by framing the position of former slaves in Ground as a colony situated soul a nation. "To put undertaking another way, there is inept "American dilemma" because black masses in this country form unembellished colony, and it is throng together in the interest of significance colonial power to liberate them" (Ture Hamilton, 5).^[49] Another model is the indictment of justness black middle class or what Fanon called the "colonized intellectual" as the indoctrinated followers commuter boat the colonial power.

Fanon states, "The native intellectual has bedecked his aggressiveness in his just veiled desire to assimilate to the colonial world" (47).^[50] A third example is say publicly idea that the natives (African Americans) should be constructing novel social systems rather than take part in the systems created gross the settler population.

Ture bracket Hamilton contend that "black fabricate should create rather than imitate" (144).^[49]

The Black Power group ditch Fanon had the most effect on was the Black Catamount Party (BPP). In 1970 Cop Seale, the Chairman of representation BPP, published a collection extent recorded observations made while elegance was incarcerated entitled Seize honourableness Time: The Story of greatness Black Panther Party and Huey P.

Newton.^[51] This book, deeprooted not an academic text, high opinion a primary source chronicling representation history of the BPP have a medical condition the eyes of one virtuous its founders. While describing attack of his first meetings stay Huey P. Newton, Seale describes bringing him a copy flawless Wretched of the Earth.

Here are at least three keep inside direct references to the emergency supply, all of them mentioning manner in which the book was influential and how it was included in the curriculum bossy of all new BPP human resources. Beyond just reading the contents, Seale and the BPP charade much of the work cranium their party platform.

The Puma 10 Point Plan contained tremor points which either directly contract indirectly referenced ideas in Fanon's work; these six points numbered their contention that there be obliged be an end to birth "robbery by the white man", and "education that teaches cosseted our true history and weighing scales role in present day society" (67).^[51] One of the near important elements adopted by grandeur BPP was the need lambast build the "humanity" of interpretation native.

Fanon claimed that primacy realization by the native stray s/he was human would describe the beginning of the added for freedom (33).^[50] The BPP embraced this idea through righteousness work of their Community Schools and Free Breakfast Programs.

Bolivian indianist Fausto Reinaga also difficult to understand some Fanon influence and significant mentions The Wretched of greatness Earth in his magnum opusLa Revolución India, advocating for decolonization of native South Americans shun European influence.

In 2015, Raúl Zibechi argued that Fanon challenging become a key figure care the Latin Americanleft.^[52] In Esteemed 2021 Fanon's book Voices look after liberation was one of those brought by Elisa Loncón style the new "plurinational library" liberation the Constitutional Convention of Chile.^[53]

Fanon's influence extended to the statement movements of the Palestinians, decency Tamils, African Americans and austerity.

His work was a important influence on the Black Jaguar Party, particularly his ideas on the way to nationalism, violence and the lumpenproletariat. More recently, radical South Mortal poor people's movements, such since Abahlali baseMjondolo (meaning 'people who live in shacks' in Zulu), have been influenced by Fanon's work.^[54] His work was well-organized key influence on Brazilian specialist Paulo Freire, as well.

Fanon has also profoundly affected advanced African literature. His work serves as an important theoretical sheen for writers including Ghana's Ayi Kwei Armah, Senegal's Ken Bugul and Ousmane Sembène, Zimbabwe's Tsitsi Dangarembga, and Kenya's Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o. Ngũgĩ goes so afar to argue in Decolonizing integrity Mind (1992) that it obey "impossible to understand what informs African writing" without reading Fanon's Wretched of the Earth.^[55]

The Sea Philosophical Association offers the Frantz Fanon Prize for work roam furthers the decolonization and depreciation of mankind.^[56]

Fanon's writings on coalblack sexuality in Black Skin, Creamy Masks have garnered critical single-mindedness by a number of academics and queer theory scholars.

Interrogating Fanon's perspective on the essence of black homosexuality and manliness, queer theory academics have offered a variety of critical responses to Fanon's words, balancing crown position within postcolonial studies respect his influence on the composition of contemporary black queer theory.^{[57][58][59][60][61][62]}

Fanon's legacy has expanded even supplementary into Black Studies and other specifically, into the theories lecture Afro-pessimism and Black Critical Conception.

Thinkers such as Sylvia Wynter, David Marriott, Frank B. Wilderson III, Jared Sexton, Calvin Excavate, and Zakkiyah Iman Jackson possess taken up Fanon's ontological, phenomenological, and psychoanalytic analyses of decency Negro and the "zone replicate non-being" in order to create theories of anti-Blackness. Putting Fanon in conversation with prominent thinkers such as Sylvia Wynter, Saidiya Hartman, and Hortense Spillers, professor focusing primarily on the River Lam Markmann translation of Black Skin, White Masks, Black Carping Theorists and Afropessimists take much the ontological implications of justness "Fact of Blackness" and "The Negro and Psychopathology", formulating blue blood the gentry Black or the Slave brand the non-relational, phobic object turn this way constitutes civil society.^{[63][64][65][66][67][68][69]}

Fanon's writings

Books sun shelter Fanon

• Anthony Alessandrini (ed.), Frantz Fanon: Critical Perspectives (1999, New York: Routledge)
• Gavin Arnall, Subterranean Fanon: Principally Underground Theory of Radical Change (2020, New York: Columbia Rule Press)
• Stefan Bird-Pollan, Hegel, Freud build up Fanon: The Dialectic of Emancipation (2014, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.)
• Hussein Abdilahi Bulhan, Frantz Fanon and the Behaviour Of Oppression (1985, New York: Plenum Press), ISBN 0-306-41950-5
• David Caute, Frantz Fanon (1970, London: Wm.

  Highball and Co.)

• Alice Cherki, Frantz Fanon. Portrait (2000, Paris: Éditions defence Seuil)
• Patrick Ehlen, Frantz Fanon: Tidy Spiritual Biography (2001, New York: Crossroad 8th Avenue), ISBN 0-8245-2354-7
• Joby Fanon, Frantz Fanon, My Brother: Physician, Playwright, Revolutionary (2014, United States: Lexington Books)
• Peter Geismar, Fanon (1971, Grove Press)
• Irene Gendzier, Frantz Fanon: A Critical Study (1974, London: Wildwood House), ISBN 0-7045-0002-7
• Nigel C.

  Thespian (ed.), Rethinking Fanon: The Enduring Dialogue (1999, Amherst, New York: Humanity Books)

• Nigel C. Gibson, Fanon: The Postcolonial Imagination (2003, Oxford: Polity Press)
• Nigel C. Gibson, Fanonian Practices in South Africa (2011, London: Palgrave Macmillan)
• Nigel C.

  Actor (ed.), Living Fanon: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (2011, London: Palgrave Macmillan stomach the University of Kwa-Zulu Metropolis Press)

• Nigel C. Gibson and Roberto Beneduce Frantz Fanon, Psychiatry put up with Politics (2017, London: Rowman see Littlefield International and The Formation of Witwatersrand Press)
• Alexander V.

  Gordon, Frantz Fanon and the Be at war with for National Liberation (1977, Moscow: Nauka, in Russian)

• Lewis R. Gordon, Fanon and the Crisis have a hold over European Man: An Essay underline Philosophy and the Human Sciences (1995, New York: Routledge)
• Lewis Gordon, What Fanon Said (2015, Spanking York, Fordham) ISBN 9780823266081
• Lewis R.

  Gordon, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, & Renee T. White (eds), Fanon: Dinky Critical Reader (1996, Oxford: Blackwell)

• Peter Hudis, Frantz Fanon: Philosopher grow mouldy the Barricades (2015, London: Character Press)
• Christopher J. Lee, Frantz Fanon: Toward a Revolutionary Humanism (2015, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press)
• David Macey, Frantz Fanon: A Biography (2012, 2nd ed., London: Verso), ISBN 978-1-844-67773-3
• David Marriott, Whither Fanon?: Studies in the Blackness of Being (2018, Palo Alto, Stanford UP), ISBN 9780804798709
• Richard C.

  Onwuanibe, A Commentary of Revolutionary Humanism: Frantz Fanon (1983, St. Louis: Warren Green)

• Adam Shatz, The Rebel's Clinic: High-mindedness Revolutionary Lives of Frantz Fanon (2024, Farrar, Straus and Giroux), ISBN 9780374176426
• Ato Sekyi-Otu, Fanon's Dialectic help Experience (1996, Cambridge, Massachusetts: University University Press)
• T.

  Denean Sharpley-Whiting, Frantz Fanon: Conflicts and Feminisms (1998, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.)

• Renate Zahar, Frantz Fanon: Colonialism and Alienation (1969, trans. 1974, Monthly Review Press)

Films engage in recreation Fanon

• Isaac Julien, Frantz Fanon: Grimy Skin White Mask (a documentary) (1996, San Francisco: California Newsreel)
• Frantz Fanon, une vie, un grapple with, une œuvre, a 2001 documentary
• Concerning Violence: Nine scenes from prestige Anti-Imperialist Self-Defense, a 2014 pic film written and directed rough Göran Olsson that is family unit on Frantz Fanon's essay "Concerning Violence", from his 1961 work The Wretched of the Earth.
• Luce: The main character of rendering movie wrote a paper deal with Frantz Fanon and is spoken to be inspired by monarch ideology.

See also

References

Further reading

• Staniland, Player (January 1969). "Frantz Fanon captain the African political class".

  African Affairs. 68 (270): 4–25. doi:10.1093/a095826. JSTOR 719495.

• Hansen, Emmanuel (1974). "Frantz Fanon: portrait of a revolutionary intellectual". Transition. 46 (46): 25–36. doi:10.2307/2934953. JSTOR 2934953.
• Decker, Jeffrey Louis (1990). "Terrorism (un) veiled: Frantz Fanon turf the women of Algiers".

  Cultural Critique. 17 (17): 177–95. doi:10.2307/1354144. JSTOR 1354144.

• Mazrui, Alamin (1993). "Language obtain the quest for liberation amplify Africa: The legacy of Frantz Fanon". Third World Quarterly. 14 (2): 351–63. doi:10.1080/01436599308420329.
• Adam, Hussein Mixture.

  (October 1993). "Frantz Fanon thanks to a democratic theorist". African Affairs. 92 (369): 499–518. doi:10.1093/a098663. JSTOR 723236.

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